Characteristics Of Victorian Age Literature

Characteristics Of capital of Seychellesn Age literary productionsHistorical Background of Victorian AgeIn the year 1837, Queen Victoria ascended the thr sensation of Great Britain and Ireland and succeeded William the IV. She served for a period of 64 years, till her death in 1901 and it is one of the longest reigns in the history of England. The period was marked by m both primary(prenominal) social and historical swaps that altered the nation in many ways. The population nearly doubled, the British Empire expanded exponentially and scientific and industrial progress helped Britain become the most powerful country in the demesne.Chief Characteristics of Victorian PeriodWhile the country saw economic progress, me eonrness and exploitation were in addition as a part of it. The gap between the rich and the poor increased significantly and the drive for material and commercial mastery was seen to propagate a kind of a moral decay in the edict it self. The changing grace of t he country was another concern. While the earlier anatomy of Romanticism saw a celebration of the country side and the rich landscape of the flora and fauna, the Victorian era saw a changing of the landscape to one of burgeoning industries and factories. While the poor were exploited for their labor, the period witnessed the rebel of the optic class or the middle class collectible to increasing trade between Britain and its colonies and the mitigate crown of 1832 strengthen their hold. There was alike a shift from the Romantic ideals of the previous age towards a to a greater extent trueistic espousal and depiction of society. i of the most important factors that defined the age was its tense on morality. Strict societal codes were en lodged and certain activities were openly looked down upon. These codes were even harsher for women. A feminine code of conduct was levied on them which described e precise aspect of their being from the proper app atomic number 18ls to how to converse, everything had rules. The role of women was mostly that of being angels of the house and restricted to domestic confines. professionally very few options were available to them as a woman could either become a governess or a teacher in rich households. and so they were financially dependent on their husbands and fathers and it led to a commercialization of the institution of marriage.Victorian NovelsVictorian Era is seen as the link between Romanticism of the eighteenth century and the realism of the twentieth century. The raw as a genre rose to entertain the rising middle class and to depict the contemporary sustenance in a changing society. Although the original had been in development since the 18th century with the kit and boodle of Daniel Defoe, Henry Fielding, Laurence Sterne, Samuel Richardson and the others, it was in this period that the refreshing got mass acceptance and readership. The growth of cities, a ready domestic market and one in the oversea co lonies and an increase in printing and publishing houses facilitated the growth of the novel as a form. In the year 1870, an Education Act was passed which made education an easy access to the masses superchargemore increasing literacy rates among the population. Certain jobs undeniable a certain level of reading ability and simple novels catered to this by becoming a device to practice reading. Also the time of the daily counterchange to operate for men and the time alone at home for women could be filled by reading which now became a leisure activity. As a response to the latter, the demand for fiction, rose substantially.The novels of the age mostly had a moral strain in them with a belief in the innate goodness of military man nature. The reference books were wellspring rounded and the protagonist ordinarily belonged to a middle class society who struggled to create a niche for himself in the industrial and mercantile world. The stress was on realism and an attempt to de scribe the daily struggles of ordinary men that the middle class reader could associate with. The moral tangents were perhaps an attempt to redeem the moral degradation prevalent in the society then and supplied the audience with hope and positivity. These moral angles allowed for inclusion of larger debates in fiction manage(p) the ones adjoin the woman question, marriage, progress, education, the Industrial Revolution. New roles for women were created because of the resultant economic market and their voice which was earlier not given cadence was now being spotted and accepted and novels became the means where the domestic confinement of women was questioned. Novels reflecting the larger questions surrounding women, like those of their roles and duties. In the latter half of the century, Married Womens Property Acts was passed, the women suffrage became an important point of debate, and penury and other economic reasons challenged the traditional roles of women. The novel a s a form became the medium where such concerns were bear witnessd.Charles Dickens A Popular Victorian AuthorIn the same year that Queen Victoria ascended the throne, Charles Dickens published the number one parts of his novel Oliver Twist, a story of an orphan and his struggle with poverty in the early part of the century. As the Industrial Revolution surged on, the class difference between the traditional aristocracy and the middle class was gradually getting trim down and with the passing of the Reform Act, the middle class got the right to vote and be politically engaged in the affairs of the nation. While the aristocracy criticized the work that the bourgeoisie had to do in the factories and the industries, to maintain the supremacy that they had the privilege of, the middle class in response promoted work as virtue. The result of this led to a further marginalization of those struck by poverty and were part of neither groups. The Poor Law that was passed made public assistan ce available to the economically downtrodden only through with(predicate) workhouses where they had to live and work. The conditions of these workhouses were deliberately made to be unbearable so as to avoid the poor from becoming totally dependent on assistance from kayoedside. Families were split, food was inedible, and the circumstances were made inhospitable to urge the poor to work and fight a way through poverty. However, these ultimately became a web difficult to violate and people chose living in the streets rather than seeking help from a workhouse. Dickens was aw are of these concerns as a journalist and his own livelihood and autobiographical experiences entered the novel through Oliver Twist. His novel enters the world of the workhouses, the dens of thieves and the streets and exaltedlights that firearm there was economic prosperity on one side, there was poverty on the other and age morality, virtue were championed, hypocrisy was equally a part of society. His social commentary entered the world of his fiction.In 1836, before Oliver Twist, his straights of Pickwick Papers were published which led him to instant identification and popularity. It started the storied Victorian mode of serial novels which dominated the age till the end of the century. It not only made the reader anxious for the next serial to come and spread the popularity of the book itself, but also gave the writer a chance to alter his work according to the mood and expectation of his audience. His works enjoyed continual popularity and acceptance and Dickens as a writer became famous for his wit, satire, social commentary and his in depth characters.Bleak House, A Christmas Carroll, David Copperfield, Great Expectations are just about of his other great works.William Makepeace Thackeray English Victorian WriterThackeray was born in Calcutta, India and was also an important writer but one who expressed his age very differently from Dickens and other writers. He is mo st noted for his satirical work Vanity Fair that portrays the many myriads of English society. Although he was seen as equally talented as Dickens, but his shots were deemed old-fashioned which hindered his popularity. He did not readily accept the changing values of the age. His work is seen almost as a ultraconservative voice. Vanity Fair for typeface has the subtitle A novel without a Hero and in a period where other writers usually embarked on a portrayal of the coming of age of a hero, Thackeray himself very deliberately opposes it. While the protagonist of Dickens David Copperfield invites the reader to identify with him, Thackerays Becky Sharp is the conniving, cynical and clever. Even his novel Pendennis, is a complete opposite of the novel David Copperfield, although both were published the same year. Thackeray did not identify with the middle class because hence his novels lack a middle class hero. When novels were catering to reassure middle class self-worth, Thackeray denied to give that assurance. Even, Dobbin, a middle class character in Vanity Fair, is not completely grant hero status and a tone of criticism lingers on the character throughout the work.In The History of Henry Esmond, Thackeray deals with questions of not only of the concerns of society at large but also of individual identity. While most writers supported the idea of innate goodness in the individual human self, Thackeray differed. For example the character of Henry Esmond is also not a completely positive character and the negatives of his self, is perhaps Thackerays critique of Victorian emphasis on the individual. An individualism that foc utilize on personal virtue and morality is seen as Thackeray to at the risk of selfishness bordering on narcissism and self-absorption. His discontent with his age became more vocal in later works like Phillip and The New Comes. While the former is injected with autobiographical accounts and is goes back to the satirical tone of Vanity Fair, the latter is a harsh critique of the material greed of the age and a critique of the contemporary culture of the age.As a result of his strong opinions of his society and its issues, and a critical rejection of the dominant concerns found in works of other writers of the same age, Thackeray stands in isolation as an outsider to this circle due his skepticism of the changing Victorian society. His stand did not change with time and lends to a social criticism and commentary of a very different sort in his works. Catherine, A Shabby Genteel Story, The Book of Snobs are approximately of his other works.Women Novelists of the Victorian EraThe era saw a proliferation of women writers. The novel as a genre was initially seen as feminine literary productions and as the literacy rate among women increased, a new need for women writers catering to this segment was answered by these writers.Mrs. GaskellElizabeth Gaskell, popularly called Mrs. Gaskell wrote short stories and novels t hat dealt with presenting a social picture of her society in the 1850s. While it was a time when doubts about material progress reaching the actual lives of the ordinary man were starting to be raised, Gaskell mostly gave an optimistic expectation of the time. Gaskells North and South for example, seeks to present an answer to division and difference by presenting a form of a social satisfaction. There is an attempt at reconciliation of many divergent blows in the novel.Mary Barton was her first novel, published in 1848 with a subtitle, A Tale of Manchester Life and sticks to the Victorian concern of presenting the daily life of the middle class. Cranford came next in the form of a serial and was edited by Dickens for the magazine called Household Words. It was received positively and Gaskell gained immediate popularity for it. It concern on women characters like Mary Smith, Miss Deborah and the others. However the book was also critiqued for its lack of a significant story line . She was also famous for her gothic ardor in some of her works and this made Gaskell slightly different from other novelist of her time. Ruth, Sylvias Lovers, Wives and Daughters were other significant works by her.George EliotPerhaps the one most famous women writers, George Eliot still maintains a canonical status. Her real name was Mary Ann Evans or Marian Evans and she adopted the pseudonym George Eliot to escape the stereotype attached with women writers and successfully entered the earth of effective writing. She had a controversial personal life and there too was not hesitant to break the norms of societal feminine boundaries. Adam Bede was her first novel, published 1859, set in a rural landscape and deals with a love rectangle. It received critical appreciation for its psychological interpretations of the characters and a realistic description of rural life.Mill on the Floss, 1860, revolves around the life of turkey cock and Maggie Tulliver and traces their life as th ey grow up near the River Floss. Historical, political references to those of the Napoleonic Wars and the Reform Bill of 1832 inform the novel and lend it a more quick-witted and serious strain. Autobiographical elements also form a part of the novel as George Eliot fuses herself partly with Maggie, the protagonist of the book. After Silas Marner (1861), Romola (1863), Felix Holt the Radical, (1866) came Eliots most popular novel Middlemarch in the year 1871. The novel revolves around the life of analyzable characters and the Reform Bill of 1832. Subtitled A arena of Provincial Life the plot is based in the fictitious town of Midlands. The greatness of the novel was because of the vast portraiture of country and urban life that it depicts, its complex plots and characters, and its stark realistic projection of the time its set in. The role of education, the women question, politics, social commentary, idealism are other complicated strands of the novel.Bronte SistersCharlotte, E mily and Anne Bronte were the three famous novelist daughters of Patrick Bronte, a learned man and a writer himself and Maria Bronte. The family together went through a series of tragedies where Maria Bronte died very early and none of the three sisters could reach the age of 40. Charlotte died at the age of just 39, Emily at 30 and Anne at 29. All three were educated by their father at home and all of them were complaisant of storytelling since childhood. Charlotte Bronte is famous for her novel Jane Eyre, published in 1847. The titular protagonist of the book, Jane Eyre, and her struggles in life and love for Mr. Rochester along with the process of her mental and spiritual growth are traced. The novel is believed to drive a feminist tone to it and the famous woman in the attic character of Bertha Mason raises several gender and feminist issues. Emily Bronte, the sustain of the trio, became famous for her novel Wuthering Heights, published in the year 1847 and the only book c ompose by her. Like George Eliot, Emily wrote under the pseudonym of Ellis Bell but later her death Charlotte published the novel with her sisters real name. The novel is the love story of Heathcliff andCatherine Earnshaw. Anne Bronte, the last of the three, wrote two novels Agnes Grey(1847) and The Tenant of Wildfell Hall(1848). The former was an autobiographical work and the latter is about a woman named Helen Graham who transgresses marital and social boundaries to assert her freedom. It is seen a substantial piece of feminist writing.All three sisters hence larger societal questions through mostly women characters and the plot focusses on their life with themes of love and passion. They hence enjoyed a large female readership and arrive achieved status as classics of literature.Late Victorian NovelistsThomas Hardy was the most important writer in the later part of the Victorian Era. He was influenced by both the love affair of the earlier era and the social commentary of Dick ens. He is famous for the pattern of the fictional town of Wessex. Far from the Madding Crowdpublished in 1874,The Mayor of Casterbridgein 1886,Tess of the dUrbervillesin 1891, andJude the Obscurein 1895 are his famous novels but Hardy was also known for his rime. The late part of the period also saw the rise of the sensational novels by writers like Wilkie Collins and they too were based on the life of the middle class. The Woman in White (1860) and The Moonstone (1868) are Collins famous sensational novels. Anthony Trollope, another writer in the second half of the era, was himself from a middle class background and wrote the Phineas Finn (1869) and The Way we Live (1874). It was the time when Lewis Carroll wrote his famous Alices Adventures in Wonderland published in 1865 and stood very different from other because of the child fiction genre it became a classic of the Carrolls different dreamy world that stood in charge contrast with the realistic tone of novels that was at it s peak. George Gissing, George Moore, Samuel Butler, Henry James, Robert Louis Stevenson were other novels of the era. Rudyard Kipling and his short stories based in India pointed to the larger historical process of colonialism happening at the time. It was in 1877 that Queen Victoria became the Empress of India. Then also came George Bernard Shaw and Oscar Wilde, another two most famous writers of the time.Overview of Victorian PeriodThe age hence was important for the rise of the novel as a genre and form which itself saw transformation within the period. From romanticism to realism, politics to passion, optimism to pessimism, the novel could successfully deal with the changing mood of the society. Class, gender, individualism, society all were given space in the novel. The period was known to have witnessed the massive change of Britain from an agrarian to industrial landscape. All concerns informed the novel and the novel was made into perhaps the most important genre of the age and the ones that would follow.Modern PeriodAfter Queen Victorias death in 1901 came the period which saw writers like Joseph Conrad, H.G Wells, D.H Lawrence, E.M Forster and others. The most important caseful in the early part of the 20th century was the First World War that took place from 1914 to 1918. It was a crucial event that changed the way of the world, impacted the psyche of the people and also the way literature was written. The pessimism and doubts that were a part of the writings of the earlier period may perhaps have anticipated the War. Hence Joseph Conrad, instead of talking of the society and its change now focused on dislocated individuals, a question of where one belongs in a seemingly cruel world. Colonialism are important part of his works wherein he presents a stark reality of exploitation and greed. Lord Jim, Nostromo, Heart of Darkness, are some of his major works. H.G Wells was a prolific writer and wrote around a hundred novels. The Time Machine, Ann Vero nica, The History of Mr. Polly, The War of the Worlds, are some his important novels and Tono- Bungay is seen as his most brilliant work. Lawrence, was a controversial writer because of the open sexual references in his work. His work was different because of the sensual language and emotional feelings that made them. therefore the novel then moved from the realism of the world outside more towards a description of the reality of the individual within. Sons and Lovers, The Rainbow, Women in Love are important works by him. E.M Forster, lastly wrote his famous Howards End that deals with the Schegel and the Wilcox family and the society in 1910, brilliantly and delicately described which would then be transformed permanently by the First World War.The Georgian Poets and World War IDuring the reign of George V, was published five anthologies of poetry by Edward Marsh in the year 1912 to 1922. many an(prenominal) important writers like of the time like Edward Thomas, Robert Graves, D .H Lawrence, Walter de la Mare contributed to these anthologies. The main concern was to depict the real issues surrounding the world around the World War. modernityModernism as a movement was a response to the horrors of World War-I and to the rising industrial societies and growth of cities in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It challenged the harmony and the rationality of the Enlightenment and sought to reinvent art and literature of the age. To do so, it broke away from the works of the past and conventions that were earlier held at a pedestal. The view that traditional conceptions of beauty and on the whole the meaning of art itself did not competent the age lead to another movement called Dadaism that consciously set to redefine art itself. The movement was seen as anti-art that aimed to upturn its order. Chaos then as the basic antithesis to order was abundantly used by artists. Started by Tristan Tzara (1896- 1963) as a reaction against the senseless force-out of t he First World War and to reflect the anarchy that it spread in the social system as well as in the lives of ordinary people. What was also opposed was the conception of what was worthy of being the object of art. The classical subjects were re put by the mundane as the urinal that Marcel Duchamp placed as an object of art in his gallery. Also in his LHOOQ Duchamps Mona Lisa with a moustache was a direct means to shake the viewer and the age out from his complacency that lead to the war itself. It was the direct expression of disillusionment with the war and that art too had lost its meaning like the literature of the classical time. The intermission down of any previously set rules and a violent portrayal of freedom of expression to shock and awe was the channel of the time that saw the violence of the World War firsthand. The artists and writers of the Dada movement were mostly war veterans and expressed through their work the psychological devastation of the war. The call for re -invention was echoed in the movement and stood for what modernness broadly aimed at.Thematic and Technical Features of Modern LiteratureThe conception that reality could be easily be comprehended was replaced by modernism with a more subjective argument. Reality became not what was directly seen but what was behind the apparent surfaces and it took a crude look at the ugly, the stark behind the glossy surfaces. It was to raise these questions that distortion became a crucial trope in the visual arts of the era. Comtes Positivism could no longer be used to describe reality. The distorted images force the onlooker to step out of his comfort zone and to question his conception of reality. It highlights the dialectical relationship between the object of expression and the language that expresses it. This was echoed in the Literature of the time where sentences are fragmented and deliberately left incomplete as in Waiting for Godot. Dialogues are seldom completed and there is an inabil ity to bring forth the correct words to describe the state of the self. This breakdown of language after the World War calls out for a need to reinvent language to fit the post war world.Hitlers use of almost an enigmatic, opera type use of words (he admired Wagner) that achieved his mass appeal, did also lead to the war. It was perhaps then demand to breakdown language to reinvent it. The distortion and the fragments not only hint at the former but to a unity that needs to be rediscovered. The half-sentence pay the reader seek to complete them and participate in the call for a search of a new unity and identity which is Pounds injunction to Make it New. The onlooker/reader is removed from his role as a mere passive observer to an active one who contributes to the meaning of the art he views/reads. Hence the soreness was not aimed at a completely pessimistic answer that leads to a loss of hope, but to different source of comfort similar to what T.S Eliot finds in the world of sha nti shanti shanti at the end of Wasteland.Overview of Modern Age LiteratureJames Joyce set his novels and short stories in a small city of Dublin. Dubliners published in 1914 is a part of the modernist literature along with The portraying of the Artist as a Young Man and Ulysses. Stephen Daedalus is a central character both in the Portrait and Ulysses. The latter however was banned.The next important writer was Virginia Woolf who was associated with the Bloomsbury Group which was a group of intellectuals and writers that met at her house which included E.M Forster and Leopold Woolf. Woolf attempted to present the changed world through a changed style of writing. In 1915 came her first novel called The Voyage Out and then came Night and Day in 1919. There was a realistic serious tone to both these books. Modernist strain in her writing began with her next novel call Jacobs Room which was published in 1922 along with Ulysses. The rest of the novels like Mrs. Dalloway, To the Lighthou se, The Waves, and Orlando had the same modernist tone.Stream of ConsciousnessPicassos cubism became an important part of modernisms subjective view of reality and a need to move away from traditional forms of art. It was this subjectivity that lead to the stream of intelligence technique of narration, as used by Virginia Woolf in Mrs. Dalloway. The focus on the interiority of the self and its perception of the objects it conceives was way to grasp the changed notion of reality. The Pre-Speech level of consciousness (as Henry James called it) of the character where the narrative deals with what is freely sensed or felt by the characters rather than what is directly uttered changed the way that narratives functioned. The expression of the self was also to highlight the crisis of the self within itself. The existential view of life and its cyclical futile form was what entrapped it rendering it unable to transcend futility of existence. This pessimistic view was a residue of the war which saw man as Sisyphus with his worthless search for meaning, identity and unity in an age that cannot satiate his search. In The legend of Sisyphus Albert Camus dwells on this futility of the modern experience.Poetic DramaThe term poetic drama was made popular during the middle of the 20th century. The term was made famous due to the works of T.S Eliot who used his work as a reaction to the drama of G. B Shaw and Galsworthy who were immensely influenced by Henrik Ibsen who wrote A Dolls House and Ghosts. In the The Quintessence of Ibsenism written by G.B Shaw, he accepted the formers influence on him. T.S Eliot apart from being a poet was also a critic and wrote many important works like Possibility of Poetic Drama and Poetry and Drama in which he expressed his belief that poetry and drama are linked inseparably. W.B. Yeats, W. H. Auden and other poets also tried writing poetic drama.IMPORTANT LITERARY TERMSDramatic MonologueA persona poem or what is popularly termed as a drama tic monologue in poetry, uses the theatrical device of a monologue where a character or person on stage speaks alone. Often through to highlight the character or authors internal thoughts and vocalize them to an implied audience, it was used in poetry in the 20th century. Romantic poetry was seen as the root of the same. It is usually one persons speech to oneself or the audience / reader wherein he talks about a subjective view on a situation, topic, or any other character. Robert Browning was the poet who perfected the use of dramatic monologue in his poems like My Last Duchess, Soliloquy of the Spanish Cloister. His use of the device influenced Eliot and other modernist writers. puzzleAs the term signifies, a paradox occurs when there is self-contradiction in a sentence. Even ideas can have a paradox in them. It is done often for stylistic reasons and to express a complicated thought or feeling. Hamlets line I must be cruel only to be kind. (Act 3, Scene iv line 178) in Shakespe ares play with the same title is an example of paradox where two contradictory emotions of kindness and cruelty are brought together.AntithesisIt basically denotes the coming together of complete opposites in a sentence. It is a rhetorical device often used by orators. For example, Goethes quote Love is an ideal thing, marriage a real thing is an example of the same.SymbolDerived from the greek word Symbolom, a symbol is a word or object that stands for another word or object. For example a fox is a symbol for cleverness and dove is the universal symbol for peace.Problem PlayUsed mostly with reference to drama, a trouble play usually deals with an attempt to focus the public opinion about a social concern. It engages therefore with a problem in the most feasible manner and may either seek to solve it or complicate it further. It was made famous by Henrik Ibsen, a Norwegian Playwright and even used by G.B Shaw in his plays.EssayUsually a piece of prose writing that is aimed at bein g a thoughtful piece of writing with strong intellectual debates and undertones. It is derived from the word exagium that in Latin means a trial by weight. The form is believed to have emerged in the Renaissance and Francis Bacon in 1597 published his Essays.NovelA novel is a piece of literature that can be fictional or real and is written in prose. It is very different from drama and poetry by the extent of its duration. There are many sub genres that can be a part of the novel itself. In fact a champion novel is often is result of play of these various strands of literature. The root of the word Novel or Novella signifies something new as it was a later conception in the history of literature. It came after poetry and drama. It was the 18th and the 19th century that form became a major literary field with writers like Daniel Defoe, the author of Robinson Crusoe Fielding, who wrote Tom Jones and Samuel Richardson, Charles Dickens and others. After the romantic phase there was a re vival of the gothic fiction in works like Ann Radcliffs Mysteries of Udolfo and Mary Shelleys Frankenstein. Gothic was one such genre of the novel form. Realist novels, Sensational novels, domestic novels are just some of the others. On the whole the novel can be seen as a fictional narrative in prose, generally longer than a short story. Unlike the epic, which is now seen as a dead genre, the novel is still enjoying its high status in the literary market as perhaps, it has evolved with the continuously evolving world.Free VerseFree verse is a type of structure which does not have a fixed meter or regular rhythm. Even the line length varies from one sentence to another. The cadence is dependent solely on the press of the writer but sometimes alternates between stressed and unstressed syllables. It was derived from the word freo a middle-english word that meant free. Many great writers and poets experimented with the free verse style including Milton in his Samson Agonistes.Short St oryA short story is also a form of fiction writing but is different from the novel because of the length due to which it gets its name. It can be a highly serious work of literature, a didactic one with a moral, a part of childrens fiction and is also open to experimentation. For example, Rudyard Kipling wrote many short stories. The word short comes from the word sceort which means the same. Defoe also wrote short stories because of the popularity of serial novels at his time. It is however Edgar Allen Poe, who is considered to be a originative figure responsible for the popularity of short stories as a genre. Joyce wrote them in his work titled Dubliners and Kafka wrote Metamorphosis using the same.FEATURES AND FORMS OF DRAMADrama is one of the oldest forms of literature along with the epic. It is believed to have derived from the ancient Greek and Roman works.PlotA plot is the main trajectory of drama and called be called as its story line. In Poetics, while defining all the maj or parts of a drama, Aristotle believed that the plot was of prime importance. It was so because it the plot that could be success at achieving a catharsis in the audience which is the purging of the feelings of fear and pity. It was catharsis that Aristotle believed was the main aim of drama and a good plot was one that could successful

Small Group Communication

Sm tot eithery sort CommunicationLeon Hulse, Mike Hugo, Lily Purimitla, Laura Straub, Ju Hee Shin, Rachel Quick,Danny YipAJ. Shawna WarnerGroup Research Paper Group object lesson philosophyThroughout this semester, the Small Group Communication class has been studying various topics regarding the polar aspects of stems. Groups, to most living individuals, is an classic concept that penetrates our lives in many different ways. We have friend crowds, family ag companys, work groups, project groups, and even game groups. Regardless of our willingness, the concept of groups will always be a major part of life. With that said, it is crucial for each individual to on a lower floorstand the different aspects of a group, which is the foundation behind this enquiry paper. This paper is written with the invention of gaining an insight on the different features of groups and to demonstrate the application of theories learned in class. The paper will begin with h whizzst lead, which is followed by a discussion on personal morality in group conclusion making, and will end with multicultural group ethics.honorable LeadershipLeaders can be categorise into different groups according to behaviours and, in most occasions, it is non only the leader who defines the nature of leading, but also those who are actively participating within the squad that alter leadinghip behaviour. Gary Yukl in his book Leadership in Organizations writes just about three different types of leadership behaviour task-oriented, relations-oriented and participative leadership (Yukl 107-08). In an ideal slewting, a leader would have a balance between all these behaviours. However, most of the time Now, we know that in order to be able to lead and unmediated respectablely, one must understand the responsibility and the core meaning of what ethical leadership is. Ethics is a principle of conduct that acts to govern those who are under it (Ethic). In order to understand ethical leadersh ip it is important to first understand the meaning of ethics and how culture of an organization highly affects it.Ethical leadership can be seen as the code of conduct, laws, policies and value that leaders follow in order to emphasize a concern for the interest of separates and respecting the segments as non just instruments in the group, but as whole and complete members of the team. With that, cardinal theories of Ethical Leadership will be discussed in this section, which include ethical pluralism, communitarianism, dependable leadership and transformational leadership.First, the term ethical pluralism refers to a formed idea that in that respect are numerous ways of defining what is morally right or wrong, and not all of them will match an individuals personal norms (Ethical Pluralism). This implies that pluralism does not refer to some(prenominal) perspectives of the same thing but, in general, having several theories according to different leaders and settings. Moreove r, this possible action advances that there is a plurality of moral norms that cannot be reduced to one basic norm (Schaber 1).Next, the paper will discuss the idea of communitarianism. Inthe Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy, it is express that communitarians argued that the standards of justice must be found in forms of life and traditions of particular societies and hence can vary from context to context (Bell). This means that both the views of tribe and leaders in a group are dependent on the various interpretations of the societies they belong to. This theory focuses more on the rights of the group as a whole rather than the individuals in a group (Communitarian Ethics). A leader who employs this approach emphasises the common good of all people, recognising all the dimensions of a living forgiving being in a society. A communitarian leader encourages moral reasoning, ethical dialogue, collaborative leadership and development of moral character.The next topic to be com municate is that of authentic leadership. Leaders who fully believe in themselves and assumption their ability as they are true to themselves are known as authentic leaders. Moreover, these leaders allow and empower group development by encouraging individual members. This theory believes that an authentic leader should possess certain characteristics. Michael Hyatt, author of Authentic Leadership, writes that an authentic leader possesses insight, demonstrates initiative, exudes influence, has impact in his or her action and manifests integrity (Hyatt). There are still more features of an authentic leader as the context of the leaders culture plays a vital role in determining the leadership traits.The final theory of ethical leadership is transformational leadership. This is defined as a leadership approach that causes change in individuals and social systems. It is a relatively new approach to leadership that focuses on how leaders can create valuable and controlling change in t heir followers, writes David Burkus in his article Transformational Leadership Theory.We can infer that this theory is helpful in leaders who are of the new age leaders who are able to use traditional methods and theories to purposefully transform them for the betterment of the team or any setting they are a part of.With that, this research paper has finished its discussion on ethical leadership, which includes the four elements of ethical pluralism, communitarianism, authentic leadership and transformational leadership. These are, in short, basic theories that aid in understanding ethical leadership and how leaders can carefully employ one or multiple aforementioned theories to improve the performance and effectiveness of a system.Personal Ethics in Group Decision MakingWriting in the context of organizational communication, Pamela Shockley-Zalabak identified decision-making as one of the most important functions of a group (252). However, good decision-making requires sound knowl edge (262), which in turn requires that group members communicate not only effectively (262), but also ethically (117). Shockley-Zalabak describes four use of goods and servicess of ethical communication that can be applied in most communicative situations (117).The first of these habits, which were developed by Rebecca Rubin and Jess Yoder based on work by Karl Wallace, is called the economic consumption of Search (117). This habit explores the idea of detailed research, working as a type of magnifying glass to analyze learning that is taken into the group. Using this technique, groups can comprehend into information received to decipher the smallest details so as not to miss any important facts. This can be used in decision making to analyze the problems that the group is facing, especially in regards to highly controversial issues. The idea here is that issues should not be oversimplified and should be looked at in all their parts. Tying this into ethics, the implementation o f this habit leaves less room for faulty or inaccurate information. Each issue is looked at extensively through this lens to train there is no discrepancies in the facts received.The second habit is called the Habit of Justice (117). This habit also has to do with analysis of information, but on a different level. This habit allows for a much broader research database. There is more openness to different kinds of sources of information. The focus is not so much on specific information received as on the range of diverse accurate information. The focus here is more on the ethical side of making sure that all information is accurately portrayed and is fairly examined. This habit does not allow for discrimination, bias, or prejudice in regards to the evaluation of information. The main point is for the meaning of the information to remain undistorted by the opinions or bias of individuals. As in the name, justice and truth or accuracy are very important factors here.The trio habit is called the habit of public versus private motivations (117). This habit is concerned primarily with transparency. It suggests that the ethical course of action during communication is to be open about motives and agendas and to all the way identify any potential for bias, conflicts of interest, or another(prenominal) factors that could exert an influence on the speakers perspective. It could also be as simple as identifying where a penning of information comes from. This allows the group to assign the information the proper weight in their discussion, rather than relying too heavily on biased information. For example, a group member who is closely related to one of the candidates under trustation by the group for interviewing for a class project should let the relationship be known.The final habit is respect for dissent (117). This means that rather than viewing different perspectives as threats and trying to squash them, the individual welcomes and even encourages them. By tak ing time to consider all aspects of the problem or explore more options for the decision, the group is better able to come to a solid solution or make an sure decision, rather than settling on a less effective course of action too quickly. Having a group atmosphere where it is safe and accepted to division contrary viewpoints also helps to avoid groupthink (Rothwell 254). An example of this would be for a planning committee to consider suggestions for alternative dates for an event. By considering all factors, they could avoid causing computer programing conflicts or inconveniences that might have been overlooked if they just went with the first suggestion.Shockley-Zalabak summarized these habits in this way Ethical communication behaviors promote participation, transparency, and accountability and support courageous actions (118). Practicing these habits in small group communication will not guarantee a good decision, but it will at least lay the foundations for good decision-ma king.multicultural Group Ethics The meaningful winner that can result from a diverse group of individuals has been a topic researched and challenged by many scholars throughout the years. revolution extends itself across a wide spectrum that includes differences in ethnicities, gender, age, background, experiences, values, and culture (Rothwell 84). Everyone may approach one given situation differently, especially within an intercultural setting or when one set of ethics meets another. Ethics exist at the core of a person, the moral principles that govern ones own behavior (Ethic). In addition, ethics refers to the personal overarching moral perspectives derived from philosophical or religious instruction or inform our day-to-day behavior (Knapp).The challenge that this topic presents is how does ethics exist in a multicultural group? A researcher in multicultural studies, Malcolm MacDonald, has noted a shift in ones self-consciousness as they begin to recognize differences in beli efs, attitudes and values that are present in a multicultural setting. He suggests two things can happen at this point, either one can tolerate these differences or embrace these differences (MacDonald 3). Multicultural educators are often found teaching these practices in order to create the needed cohesion within multicultural settings/groups. On the other hand, other researchers have identified the commonality of discrimination and rejection of individuals that takes place based on ones differences and beliefs (Kymlicka 153). Albeit, these three options of tolerating, embracing, or rejecting the differences found in others, leads into the concept of the overall ethics of a group.Ones own personal ethics will undoubtedly directly influence the ethics of a group. For example, Jane is a part of a multicultural group that has seed upon not disclosing any of the groups information until after the work has been presented to the public. In doing this, each member will be showing their loyalty to all the other group members. This is a sign of the group creating its own set of ethics. Jane immediately agreed upon this notion because loyalty remains within her personal ethics. Within Janes culture, there is a strong ethical code of truthfulness that she stands strong beside. During a group meeting, there was discussion on having just one person do the groups entire work even though there were specific instructions that one person did not do all of the work. Following this, the group went forrader with just one person doing all of the work and reported at the end that everyone did their own part. Through this process, Jane rejected this group ethic by refusing to agree upon this, however, the group just continued onward.An important aspect within multicultural group ethics is creating a safe place where each member has trustfulness within the group that ideas will not be torn down or dismissed for any given reason. However, a group ethic of trust can be built to en sure that everyone feels comfortable to share his or her thoughts. Creating an open place for communication to take place. Stepping outside of one individuals viewpoint for the success of the group is key -as long as it is not harmful-one must remember to never dismiss who they truly are and what they believe in the process.Indeed, multicultural group ethics requires communication from all group members in order for success to take place. Creating an open place for multicultural differences to weave themselves in the overall group for its success is a process whereby the group creates its own set of ethics that will lead all of its members down a united path.Conclusionin one case again, this paper is written so that insights regarding the various aspects of a group can be gained. This paper began by pondering the topic of ethical leadership and four theories derived from this particular topic. Next, the paper analyzed the topic of personal ethics in group decision making based on th e work produced by Shockley-Zalabak and several other scholars. To end, the paper examined multicultural group ethic, which meditates on the idea of creating a diverse yet harmonious group a group that develops its own set of ethics that will allow all members to remain unified. Lastly, it must be emphasized yet again that the concept of group will always be present in many aspects of our lives. Therefore, it is of utmost significance that an individual seeks to understand this concept to the best of his or her ability.Works CitedBell, Daniel. Communitarianism. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Summer 2016 ed., edited by Edward N. Zalta, 21 Mar. 2016, plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2016/ entries/communitarianism. Accessed 2 Mar. 2017.Burkus, David. Transformational Leadership Theory. David Burkus.com, 18 Mar. 2010, davidburkus.com/2010/03/transformational-leadership-theory. Accessed 9 Mar. 2017.Communitarian Ethics. Regis University, rhchp.regis.edu/HCE/EthicsAtAGlance/ Communita rianEthics/CommunitarianEthics_01.html. Accessed 15 Mar. 2017.Ethic. Merriam-Webster, www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ethic. Accessed 3 Mar. 2017.Ethical Leadership Theories. SlideShare, uploaded by catsfood, 8 Mar. 2012, www.slideshare.net/catsfood/ethical-leadership-theories. Accessed 14 Mar. 2017.Ethical Pluralism. The EIESL Project, 2011, ethicsofisl.ubc.ca/?page_id=180. Accessed 9 Mar. 2017.Hyatt, Michael. Authentic Leadership The Five Characteristics of Effective Leaders. MichaelHyatt.com, michaelhyatt.com/authentic-leadership-overview. Accessed 9 Mar. 2017.Knapp, Samuel. Ethics, Diversity, and Multiculturalism. Ethicalpsychology.com, 31 Oct. 2011, www.ethicalpsychology.com/2011/10/ethics-diversity-and- multiculturalism.html. Accessed 5 Mar. 2017.Kymlicka, Will. Multicultural Citizenship A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights. Oxford U, 1995, books.google.co.th/books/about/Multicultural_Citizenship.html?id=w5Kaqqy- W78Credir_esc=y. Accessed 4 Mar. 2017.MacDonald, Malcolm N. Th e Ethics of Intercultural Communication. Original manuscript, University of Warwick, 2012, wrap.warwick.ac.uk/39215/1/WRAP_Macdonald_ PubDocView.asp.pdf. Accessed 4 Mar. 2017.Rothwell, J. Dan. In Mixed Company Communicating in Small Groups and Teams. 8th ed., Cengage, 2013.Schaber, Peter. Ethical Pluralism. University of Zurich, ethik.uzh.ch/static/afe/downloads/publikationen/schaber/Schaber_Pluralism.pdf. Accessed 14 Mar. 2017.Shockley-Zalabak, Pamela. Fundamentals of Organizational Communication Knowledge, Sensitivity, Skills, Values. 8th ed., Pearson, 2012.Yukl, Gary. Leadership in Organizations, 7th ed., Global ed., Pearson, 2010, corenet.org.pk/js/Gary-Yukl-Leadership-in-Organizations.pdf. Accessed 2 Mar. 2017.

Ryanair airline

Ryanair respiratory tract1.INTRODUCTIONRyanair is an Irish airway competing in European low hail short haul air duct industry. They be one of the key players at bottom this market with the jersey of personify attractorship and a vision of flying at the cheapest rates to any of their destination. if you find it cheaper elsewhere, we go away give you a refund-Micheal OLeary, They atomic government issue 18 perhaps the most profitable.This report undertakes a detailed strategic analysis of Ryanair against the backdrop of an evolving global air duct sector wedged advantageously by the financial and economic markets crisis. It looks at Ryanairs current strategy and who and how of the management of that strategy. It identifies how the production line functions impacts on the carriers client relations and leaderships with regard to being a woo leader.It to a fault attempts to give a brief evaluation of Ryanairs financial structure as well as an environmental analysis of the E uropean airline short haul industry and how this affects Ryanair.2. STRATEGIC POSITION. This is shown using tools like tender analysis for the macroenvorit, Porters five hugs for the industry structure Resources and capabilities. Opportunities and threats of the SWOT analysis developed by Albert Humphrey for the analysis of Ryanairs external detailors2.1PESTLE AnalysisQuite a number of these factors can be discussed but has been written in this paper in an order of priority. PESTLE Factors CommentsPolitical EU directives prohibit direct subsidies by governments to their airlines as they work to establish a level-playing field among the regions airlines (Charalambous, 2009). This approach was driven by political developments, as various countries were bequeathing to have a level-playing field across the European Union, not only in the airline sector but also in early(a)wise various and relevant sectors in their countries. Economic The global airline sector is currently exper iencing downf each(prenominal) in passenger travel and have seen falling revenues and also compounded by passengers making bookings at the last minutes for their travel and falling ticket values (Walters, 2009). For the consumer, the economic downturn has impacted the using up of individuals and families, and this has reflected in the lower airline travel being done by consumers (Blake, 2009). Socio-cultural Consumers attitudes towards travel has changed bounteously in new-fangled times as the high cost of travel compared to other modes of transportation has made consumers more(prenominal) observant and aware not only of other transport alternatives but results in consumers demanding lower cost of travel from airlines. (Flanagan, 2008). This trend was aggravated by the financial and economic downturn which has made consumers manage their finances more closely given the uncertainties that the environment holds. Consumers exit be expected to continue to dog this trend as silly er economic outlook continues in the near future. But, a significant improvement in the boldness in the markets bequeath lead consumers back to utilising airline travel again. Technological There have been technological developments in the airlines sector spark officularly those relating to improved burn efficiencies of airlines (Harvey, 2008). In as much as they may be considerably costly at the time of investing or replacing, they are expected to let substantial cost improvements that would be worth it These improvements, though beneficial would not be considered priorities in the current environment where considerable numbers of airlines are struggle to meet their passenger forecasts and revenue targets, and are posting big losses in their financial results.Legal The directives mentioned in the political factor will be implemented in this factor in specific countries across the European Union to learn that it is strictly adhered to by each of the membersEnvironmental The se issues have been a key focus for the global airline sector in recent years as thither has been increase demand for airlines to do their luck in lowering the impact of the use of airplanes on the environment and the carbon footprint (Harvey, 2008). Ryanair has been one of the targeted airlines basically because of the large number of flights that it makes every day. This is due to their business puzzle which calls for having their planes in the air for most of the time. This can be in contrast to the goals of environmental awareness for Ryanair to minimise the impact of the carbon footprint on the environment. In as much as environmental issues are important in the airline sector, this may take a back seat as other stakeholders will focus on more pressing issues including the viability of the airlines.This analysis showed that there are a number of developments impacting the airline industry globally and also any(prenominal)(a) others affecting the European airline industry spe cifically. 2.2INDUSTRY STRUCTURE The Michael Porters fiver Forces of competition will be used to analyse the European short haul airline industry. This analysis shows as well the changing influences in the sector with the key developments leading to actions for each factor that were deemed unthinkable only a few months ago.Five ForcesCommentsEntry Barriers The major barriers to entry include the large capital and relationships across the global airline sector to develop the network plan (Ionides, 2008). I could contest that the entry barriers actually just became even stronger with the poor performance of the sector due to the economic climate and the challenging periods that the players in the sector are facing.buyer Power The key buyers are the individual consumers and also the travel agencies. Across these groups of buyers, the power would seem to have increased relative to previous situations. The key earth for this is the decreased demand from these groups of buyers (McCartn ey, 2009A McCartney, 2009B). Based on this, the buyer power has increased, as much lower prices will be in demand versus previous years.provider Power Supplier power has decreased relative to the influence of the other factors. For example, airlines have been willing to reduce the work force considerably as a result of the falling passenger figures. Nevertheless, research has shown that the airlines which work closely with its workers (e.g. Lufthansa) perform disclose versus its competitors which have a relatively adversarial approach to the management of its work force (e.g. British Airways) and thus have an advantage (Creedy, 2009A).It is interesting to that in this time of hardship for various stakeholders in the global airline sector, it seems that different parties are functional closely with each other for the sake of survivalThreat of Substitutes There is an increased threat of substitutes. These come from (1) alternative modes of transportation, and (2) alternative activit ies resulting in lower airline travel. The alternative modes of transportation can only affect destinations where alternative modes of transportation exist and also where it does not become too stressful or awkward for the traveller e.g, between the UK and continental Europe. Across these region, alternatives modes of transportation exist, and travel time is not too excessive to make it unacceptable (Anselmo, 2008A).The alternative activities that result in lower demand for airline travel include people and families deciding to travel to destinations that do not require air travel. In the UK, a large number of families have opted to stay within the UK instead of travelling to continental Europe for holidays and weekends (Dick, 2009).Industry Rivalry The industry is expected to continue to see increased rivalry as the competitors try to capture the increasingly modified number of passengers. (Betts, 2008). Rivalry is driven by the decreased demand for travel which led some airlines to lower prices and now compete almost directly with the low-cost carriers such as Ryanair.The competitive stead is seen to be high and will continue to do so as the players have put in their investments for the planes and infrastructure and would not manage these differently in order to drive returns.2.3 Value networks and business partnersAs for the value chain of Ryanair, their relationships with suppliers provide it with the merit to return its low-cost strategy. Key suppliers include amongst others its work force delivering the services to its customers working intentionally within the guidelines of Ryanair to deliver its low-cost model to the consumers. the airports in which Ryanair operates in the government airports work closely with Ryanair in ensuring an agreement that benefits both Ryanair and also the local community where Ryanair lands in. the supplier of its airplanes and other equipment the supplier of its airplanes and equipment work with Ryanair to customise their fleet for Ryanair to provide their basic low-cost service model to travellers.3.RESOURCES AND CAPABILITIES 3.1Strategic capabilitiesTheir major capability is their ability to manage their low-cost business model and continue to operate within the parameters set by this model (Wallace, 2009).. Within the context of decreased demand for travel by consumers, its low-cost model has redacted the business extremely well. Ryanair has an advantage over other airlines which are only now adapting to a lower-cost model to match the requirements of the sector due to customers demand and what they are willing to pay for.As part of the low-cost business model, Ryanair relies on a strong, talented and efficient work force that delivers the services promised to customers within the cost model of Ryanair. This is an area that cannot allow for copying the low-cost model of Ryanair, particularly as personnel cost is significant in the airline sector together with fuel cost. 3.2 Key success fac torsThe critical success factors for Ryanair have been their ability to deliver their low-cost business model, capability to work with and coordinate closely with their suppliers by their talented work force ability to remain consistent to their stated business model and strategy. external recognitionsIn delivering this model, Ryanair maintained their approach even in the demonstrate of rising fuel costs (Ryanair, 2009). The recent year has shown how Ryanair manages their business with their consumers. They manage their cost base well amidst looking for alternative revenue sources to be able to generate additional revenues to offset increased costs from the impact of the oil prices.In working with their suppliers, Ryanair showed that the way to excel in the sector is to ensure that suppliers are also reaping the benefits of doing business with Ryanair (Wallace, 2009). There is a two-way relationship.Whether the current environment remains or the outlook becomes more favourable, Ry anair is positioned to capture the large part of the consumer demand for air travel to their destinationsThe success of Ryanair can also be seen from external recognitions. In December 2008, Ryanair was included in the key of Britains Most admire Companies (BMAC), the first time it had been included in the list (Management Today, 2008).Over the past years, Ryanairs chief executive officer, Michael OLeary, has been included in the list of the 30 Most Respected CEOs of Barrons, a global list of CEOs noted for doing outstanding jobs of keeping their companies out of trouble and on course through conservative financial management, a strong focus on the customer and relentless innovation (Barrons, 2009).4. IMPLICATIONS OF STRATEGIC POSITIONINGDennis Foster (2006) stated in his lecture on Managing Strategic Change thatchange is a people based process. This path that both staff and customers will have implications on Ryanairs strategic positioning and any changes they make to it.As supp orted in the leadership section of the report there is a good workingatmosphere and relationship between OLeary and his employees. Cavendish (2006) argues that Ryanairs revenues last year apparently included almost two million flights that were booked by passengers who never showed up. plot this is good for Ryanair from a financial point of view, it does not reflect good will on them from a customer relations aspect and could affect their position and strategy.Ryanairs recent trouble profit wise certainly would have had implications ontheir strategic positioning as they would have had to re-evaluate their strategy. The side by side(p) table indicates the themes across the relevant specialisation and weaknesses derived from their core competencies factors in looking out for Ryan airs resources and capabilities SWOT FactorsCommentsStrengths Ryanairs business model is their major strength. In the current environment where travellers are searching for the worst cost alternative to travel, Ryanair continues to provide customers with airline travel as an alternative that is worth considering (Moorcroft, 2009). Quite unusually, the current economic crisis has also helped Ryanair increase their market share in the sector as customers have moved to lower-cost airlines to manage their various costs of travel and this has helped fuel the continued growth of Ryanair despite the crisis, and has also helped position Ryanair to continue to see strategic growth initiatives in the sector (Brothers, 2008 Creedy, 2009B). Ryanair has developed strong relationships with various stakeholders. They are aware of the importance of working with their stakeholders to deliver the unavoidable services to consumers (McDonald, 2007). This is a key strength of Ryanair.Weaknesses Ryanair is largely a European airline even though it has the largest number of flights internationally among the worlds global airlines (Done, 2009). Thus, its revenues are monolithic in terms of regions, an d thus any impact on the European airline market has a significant impact on the performance considerably and much more relative to other airlines which have geographically diverse revenue sources.The above strength and weaknesses showed that there are a considerable number of opportunities available for Ryanair. However this would have to be carefully looked into given the significance of existing threats in the sector. 5. STRATEGIC CHOICEIn an industry where news of poor performances has been seen largely on the front page of newspapers since the start of the financial and economic markets crisis, the performance of Ryanair has been a tremendous positive news to the industry as it has approach the challenges brought on by the crisis. Ryanair continues to benefit from the crisis as the consumers break to lower cost travel alternatives (Milmo, 2008). However, the lower revenues generated and the falling number of passengers has still impacted the business as Ryanair announced los ses for the first time since 1997, and expect that there may be further challenges in the near future (Bhargava, 2008). In a recent announcement of results, Ryanair, Europes largest low fare airlines today, announced a Q3 loss of EUR102m, (compared to a profit of EUR35m in last years Q3), as average fares fell by 9% to EUR34, fuel costs rose by 71% to EUR328m, revenues rose by 6% to EUR604.5m, as traffic grew 13% to 14m, as more consumers switch to Ryanairs low fares from high fare competitors (RNS, 2009).Ryanairs strong position in the industry has allowed it to pursue inorganic activities despite the financial and economic markets crisis and even in the face of a challenging environment for the airline industry. While most of the players in this sector will likely pursue the lowering of costs to managing its operations, Ryanair continues to surprise analysts and investors alike. Ryanair continues to pursue its interest in Aer Lingus. A key reason for the interest of Ryanair in Aer Lingus is that it owns a substantial part(29%) of the airline and is concerned about the poor performance of the airline and the impact it has on the value of Ryanairs shareholdings (Hancock, 2008).In as much as these opportunities exist for Ryanair. The global airline industry is currently facing a large number of threats that may be hindrances to achieving these opportunities. Some of which are the fluctuating US$ exchange rate and the fuel prices. These threats have prevented airlines from realising a stable stream of pay in recent periods with a considerable amount of time being spent on management, with some pursuing to hedge, the changing value of the US$ and also the volatile oil and fuel prices (Anselmo, 2008B).Another threat is the continued recession seen in the major economies which is still playing an impact on the reduced travel of airline passengers with substitutes for air travel seeing increased volumes.6. STRATEGIC DECISION AND RECOMMENDED STRATEGYGoingforward, Ry anair can continue to be positioned as a niche cost leader in the global airline sector by pursuing the opportunities that currently exist and also addressing the weaknesses that exist within the firm. By so doing, Ryanair will be able to capture the demand from consumers of low-cost travel and also position it to weather any further difficulties in the market that may be limited only to specific regions in which Ryanair operates in. For low-cost carriers in particular, a key threat is the potential move of full-service airlines into the business model of carriers such as Ryanair and favourable Jet given the demand of passengers for lower-cost travel (Furlonger, 2009). This will only increase the competition in the sector overall and, in particular, in the low-cost element of the market.Ryanairs Innovativeness has ensured its sustainability and will carrythem forward into the future. To recommend any major changes would be to predict how the airline industry will change which ulti mately cannot be foreseen. However, the following decisions can be considered the advent of new routes will bring more customers, from both departure points. a subtle shift in their strategy could be appropriate. For example offering drinks vouchers onboard for the customers next flight might entice more people backCRITICAL REFLECTION If there is anything i gained on this course. It is the fact that it not clear cut, but contains a number of complementary and opposing schools of thought. In the paper above, i will like to reflect particularly on the limitation of most of the theories i learnt.Although, they are seen as the bedrock of strategic planning. Not much emphasis is laid on the leadership, culture, power and politics in the process of strategy formulation in developing and evaluating organizational strategies. As seen in the strategic audit of Ryanair using at least 6models of strategic theories and i can count how many times the power and politics were mentioned in as much as Michael OLeary was mentioned. The emphasis in strategic planning models is more on the environment , profits and losses ,customers, competitors and growth.Even though SP involves all business functions in an organisation, i can say that it is done from the top. As a matter of fact, most decisions made are from the top. I wonder why there is then little emphasis on the power and politics within Ryanair.Should the present CEO be replaced, what will the future hold for this company. This will happen eventually as retirement will come some day. I wonder what the power play is like in this organisation. I know the destinations that the carrier flies to, I know the strengths and weaknesses, i also have a clear idea of its competitors, customers, and suppliers. But there was no model allowing me to spend time looking into politics in Ryanair, What if the strategic recommendations i made will be affected by politics within the organisation, maybe based on the personal interest of key mem bers on the board of ryanair.The present CEO wasnt even looked into with such details but for his fame in the face of the media, maybe there was nothing that focuses on him.In the nearest future, businesses will be all about people and there will be great pressure on models like PESTLE, SWOT, and the likes. The 7s framework by Mckinsey could be an alternative or better still a key tool at that time because it focuses on the people and their processes. A critical insight into people in an organisation will give room for the study of the politics and power play within a well structured organisation.

Essay --

As part of the cell cycle, mitosis is the nuclear division of replicated chromosomes by the disconnect of the replicated chromosomes to form two genetically identical daughter nuclei. Escorted by mitosis is commonly the process of cytokinesis. The cytokinesis process entails a dividing cell splitting into two, resulting in the subdivision of the cytoplasm into two cellular suites. The process of mitosis can take place in either a haploid (23 chromosomes) or a diploid (46 chromosomes) cell. Before a cell can be ready for a mitotic division it must primarily undergo its interphase stage. Following the interphase stage several other stages come into play. These stages ar prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. During each specific stage certain sequences of events take place that assist to the completion of the division. During interphase, cell growth, DNA replication, separation of centrioles and protein synthesis takes place. This phase is acknowledged to being the most extensive period of the cell cycle thus signifying the stage in which the cell devotes th...

Intellectual Property in an Electronic World Essay -- essays research

Intellectual PropertyIn an Electronic WorldBusiness Law & EthicsIntroductionThis paper provides a general overview of both(prenominal) major issues facing both producers, publishers and consumers of intellectual property. The emphasis, however, is on secure. Today, of course, that copyright includes the all-pervasive electronic environment of the internet. There are many media in which intellectual property problems arise. report and DefinitionsIntellectual property is property resulting from anothers creative efforts. Trademarks, logos, patents, books, computer files, movies, music, painting, menus, choreographic works, pantomimes, product packaging, architectural designs and even sculpture whitethorn be considered to be intellectual property. In fact, even a student paper such as this may (perhaps too generously) be classified as intellectual property.The milling machine Jenz text makes the observation that . .. the value of the worlds intellectual property now exceeds the val ue of physical property . . . . Clearly, then, intellectual property has become a huge factor in business, social life, entertainment, and international trade. There is much government regulation in the field of intellectual property, as well.In the past, the approximately important aspects of law involving intellectual property were copyright and fair use, defamation, trademarks, trade secrets and patents. Prior to statutory copyright laws, a common law of copyright existed which defend an authors work only until it was published. After being published, if there was not statutory protection, then the authors work entered the public sports stadium and became unprotected One a work is in the public domain, it tooshienot be protected. Statutory copyright law in the United States originated with Article I, Section 8 of the U.S. Constitution To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respect ive Writings and Discoveries. Congress enacted the first copyright law in 1790. It was decided early that the term writings includes many things which might not be considered writings in the normal use of the term.It is feasible to sue under common law copyright infringement. In fact, such a suit can be brought in a state court. However, an save for statutory copyright infringement must be brought a federal d... ...nt the infringement of intellectual property rights.Internet publishers who are unable to afford the be of registering every single page of a tissue site (cost is $20 per registration) may instead register multiple works as a collection. Since copyright registration requires the sending of materials, the internet publisher faces the choice of sending screen printouts, or code, or both. If the code is more important, Field recommends treating the content of a web site like software.Copyright EnforcementIf the author believes he may have to sue to prevent infringement, he is well advised to register the copyright. This is also dead on target of copyrighted material on the internet. Copyright notice prevents the defense of innocent infringement, and increases the chances for a big bucks recovery on willful infringement, where the statutory damages can be up to $100,000. An action for statutory copyright infringement, as noted earlier, must be filed in federal court. Of course, depending on the nature of the facts involved, there may also be other theories of recovery available.BIBLIOGRAPHYMiller, L.M., and Jentz, G.A., Business Law Today, 6th Edition. (2002). South-Western College.

The Runaway Brain by Christopher Willis :: Willis Runaway Brain Essays

The fugitive straits by Christopher Willis Christopher Wills has written a gripping chronicle of human development in a style that will keep the reader glued to the book to find out what happened next. The Runaway Brain is organized into four sections. First Wills addresses The Dilemmas, the many problems that students of ontogeny encounter mainly from public perception of the subject and from the many prejudices of those involved with the work. The question of where our species first appeared is a particularly contentious one, although it is now widely certain that the species dividing lineated out of Africa. There are, regardless, those who still disagree and especially at first, many dismissed an African origin out of hand. Wills second main wall plug is that of the spiritual rebirth to actual humanity and if it occurred once or twice. As he discusses in the chapter entitled An Obsession with raceway, those who deride those of African descent often rehearse the mult iple origin theory as one that justifies racism. Wills decries this abuse of the science and firmly argues against those that would use evolution to further racist propaganda. He also takes issue with those who insist on believing that all of humanity came from one Eve and one Adam, instead lay forth the theory of the mitochondrial Eve that we all decide from the mitochondrial DNA, but that we do not in fact descent from two individuals. Wills own slant on the issue is that humans are involved in a feedback loop which he calls the runaway brain. Wills claims that humans are unique in that they endure culture which has developed. The culture injects an otherwise unknown into the evolutionary change. Humans, Wills says, had advanced brains which allowed them to create a complex culture. The culture challenged their brains and led to more complex brains as the species involved. This process continued to repeat and is still repeating today. This is what Wills claims is driving us t owards our ultimate best. The second section of the book is titled The Bones and tells the story of the archeological system of the ancestors of humanity. Wills creates a fascinating tale as he describes the lives, feelings and desires of the people involved in finding these bones. Not only does he describe the find and its import to the understanding of evolution, he also tells the story of the scout making the section more of a human drama than a dry telling of facts.The Runaway Brain by Christopher Willis Willis Runaway Brain EssaysThe Runaway Brain by Christopher Willis Christopher Wills has written a fascinating chronicle of human evolution in a style that will keep the reader glued to the book to find out what happened next. The Runaway Brain is organized into four sections. First Wills addresses The Dilemmas, the many problems that students of evolution encounter mainly from public perception of the subject and from the many prejudices of those involved with th e work. The question of where our species first appeared is a particularly contentious one, although it is now widely accepted that the species originated out of Africa. There are, regardless, those who still disagree and especially at first, many dismissed an African origin out of hand. Wills second main issue is that of the transition to actual humanity and if it occurred once or twice. As he discusses in the chapter entitled An Obsession with Race, those who deride those of African descent often use the multiple origin theory as one that justifies racism. Wills decries this abuse of the science and firmly argues against those that would use evolution to further racist propaganda. He also takes issue with those who insist on believing that all of humanity came from one Eve and one Adam, instead putting forth the theory of the mitochondrial Eve that we all descend from the mitochondrial DNA, but that we do not in fact descent from two individuals. Wills own slant on the issue is th at humans are involved in a feedback loop which he calls the runaway brain. Wills claims that humans are unique in that they have culture which has developed. The culture injects an otherwise unknown into the evolutionary process. Humans, Wills says, had advanced brains which allowed them to create a complex culture. The culture challenged their brains and led to more complex brains as the species involved. This process continued to repeat and is still repeating today. This is what Wills claims is driving us towards our ultimate best. The second section of the book is titled The Bones and tells the story of the archeological remains of the ancestors of humanity. Wills creates a fascinating tale as he describes the lives, feelings and desires of the people involved in finding these bones. Not only does he describe the find and its significance to the understanding of evolution, he also tells the story of the finder making the section more of a human drama than a dry telling of f acts.

Technology Enhanced Classrooms Essay -- Internet Learning Papers

Technology compound Classrooms The era of The Information Age is upon us as educators to access, explore, utilize, and implement the exercising of the meshwork. as a wonderfully innovative and valuable apparatus to single-valued function in the classroom for the purpose of teaching our students through the exploration of a large territory of endless information, experiences, interactions, and unlimited ideas known as the Internet. Purpose The purpose of this account is to present a variety of computer and Internet techniques that can be utilized into the Information Age classroom and curriculum as a tool for teaching and learning in modern educational systems. Technology Enhanced Classrooms The era of The Information Age is upon us as educators to access, explore, utilize, and implement the use of the Internet as a wonderfully innovative and valuable tool to use in the classroom for the purpose of teaching our students through the exploration of a vast territory of endless information, experiences, interactions, and unlimited ideas known as the Internet. The purpose of this paper is to present a variety of computer and Internet techniques that can be utilized into the Information Age classroom and curriculum as a tool for teaching and learning in modern educational systems. In order to effectively use the Internet, one needs to grasp basic computer techniques that will enable the transition from traditional classroom practices to that of technology enhanced methods that will be exciting for educators and students alike. As educators endeavor to follow standards, core content, lesson objectives, and the like, we often make for caught up in the routine methods of presenting lessons. The Internet offers more data than could ever be obtained... ... continue to be presented concerning Internet skills. Using the Internet to enhance your classroom is a direction that will create an entirely alternate method of teaching. Utilizing the implementation of Internet skills into subject plan will increase the interest atm within the classroom thus resulting in a higher-level of comprehension as a result of students actually being a part of their educational experience. ReferencesBarksdale, K. (1999). Internet concepts & activities. Cincinnati South-Western Educational produce. Cashman, T. J. (1995). Learning to use microcomputer applications. Danvers International Thomson Publishing. Maran, G. (1995). Internet and World Wide Web simplified. Foster City IDG Books Worldwide, Inc. Weixel, S. (1997). Personal computing essentials. Indianapolis Labreque Publishing Services.