Intellectual Property in an Electronic World Essay -- essays research

Intellectual PropertyIn an Electronic WorldBusiness Law & EthicsIntroductionThis paper provides a general overview of both(prenominal) major issues facing both producers, publishers and consumers of intellectual property. The emphasis, however, is on secure. Today, of course, that copyright includes the all-pervasive electronic environment of the internet. There are many media in which intellectual property problems arise. report and DefinitionsIntellectual property is property resulting from anothers creative efforts. Trademarks, logos, patents, books, computer files, movies, music, painting, menus, choreographic works, pantomimes, product packaging, architectural designs and even sculpture whitethorn be considered to be intellectual property. In fact, even a student paper such as this may (perhaps too generously) be classified as intellectual property.The milling machine Jenz text makes the observation that . .. the value of the worlds intellectual property now exceeds the val ue of physical property . . . . Clearly, then, intellectual property has become a huge factor in business, social life, entertainment, and international trade. There is much government regulation in the field of intellectual property, as well.In the past, the approximately important aspects of law involving intellectual property were copyright and fair use, defamation, trademarks, trade secrets and patents. Prior to statutory copyright laws, a common law of copyright existed which defend an authors work only until it was published. After being published, if there was not statutory protection, then the authors work entered the public sports stadium and became unprotected One a work is in the public domain, it tooshienot be protected. Statutory copyright law in the United States originated with Article I, Section 8 of the U.S. Constitution To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respect ive Writings and Discoveries. Congress enacted the first copyright law in 1790. It was decided early that the term writings includes many things which might not be considered writings in the normal use of the term.It is feasible to sue under common law copyright infringement. In fact, such a suit can be brought in a state court. However, an save for statutory copyright infringement must be brought a federal d... ...nt the infringement of intellectual property rights.Internet publishers who are unable to afford the be of registering every single page of a tissue site (cost is $20 per registration) may instead register multiple works as a collection. Since copyright registration requires the sending of materials, the internet publisher faces the choice of sending screen printouts, or code, or both. If the code is more important, Field recommends treating the content of a web site like software.Copyright EnforcementIf the author believes he may have to sue to prevent infringement, he is well advised to register the copyright. This is also dead on target of copyrighted material on the internet. Copyright notice prevents the defense of innocent infringement, and increases the chances for a big bucks recovery on willful infringement, where the statutory damages can be up to $100,000. An action for statutory copyright infringement, as noted earlier, must be filed in federal court. Of course, depending on the nature of the facts involved, there may also be other theories of recovery available.BIBLIOGRAPHYMiller, L.M., and Jentz, G.A., Business Law Today, 6th Edition. (2002). South-Western College.

The Runaway Brain by Christopher Willis :: Willis Runaway Brain Essays

The fugitive straits by Christopher Willis Christopher Wills has written a gripping chronicle of human development in a style that will keep the reader glued to the book to find out what happened next. The Runaway Brain is organized into four sections. First Wills addresses The Dilemmas, the many problems that students of ontogeny encounter mainly from public perception of the subject and from the many prejudices of those involved with the work. The question of where our species first appeared is a particularly contentious one, although it is now widely certain that the species dividing lineated out of Africa. There are, regardless, those who still disagree and especially at first, many dismissed an African origin out of hand. Wills second main wall plug is that of the spiritual rebirth to actual humanity and if it occurred once or twice. As he discusses in the chapter entitled An Obsession with raceway, those who deride those of African descent often rehearse the mult iple origin theory as one that justifies racism. Wills decries this abuse of the science and firmly argues against those that would use evolution to further racist propaganda. He also takes issue with those who insist on believing that all of humanity came from one Eve and one Adam, instead lay forth the theory of the mitochondrial Eve that we all decide from the mitochondrial DNA, but that we do not in fact descent from two individuals. Wills own slant on the issue is that humans are involved in a feedback loop which he calls the runaway brain. Wills claims that humans are unique in that they endure culture which has developed. The culture injects an otherwise unknown into the evolutionary change. Humans, Wills says, had advanced brains which allowed them to create a complex culture. The culture challenged their brains and led to more complex brains as the species involved. This process continued to repeat and is still repeating today. This is what Wills claims is driving us t owards our ultimate best. The second section of the book is titled The Bones and tells the story of the archeological system of the ancestors of humanity. Wills creates a fascinating tale as he describes the lives, feelings and desires of the people involved in finding these bones. Not only does he describe the find and its import to the understanding of evolution, he also tells the story of the scout making the section more of a human drama than a dry telling of facts.The Runaway Brain by Christopher Willis Willis Runaway Brain EssaysThe Runaway Brain by Christopher Willis Christopher Wills has written a fascinating chronicle of human evolution in a style that will keep the reader glued to the book to find out what happened next. The Runaway Brain is organized into four sections. First Wills addresses The Dilemmas, the many problems that students of evolution encounter mainly from public perception of the subject and from the many prejudices of those involved with th e work. The question of where our species first appeared is a particularly contentious one, although it is now widely accepted that the species originated out of Africa. There are, regardless, those who still disagree and especially at first, many dismissed an African origin out of hand. Wills second main issue is that of the transition to actual humanity and if it occurred once or twice. As he discusses in the chapter entitled An Obsession with Race, those who deride those of African descent often use the multiple origin theory as one that justifies racism. Wills decries this abuse of the science and firmly argues against those that would use evolution to further racist propaganda. He also takes issue with those who insist on believing that all of humanity came from one Eve and one Adam, instead putting forth the theory of the mitochondrial Eve that we all descend from the mitochondrial DNA, but that we do not in fact descent from two individuals. Wills own slant on the issue is th at humans are involved in a feedback loop which he calls the runaway brain. Wills claims that humans are unique in that they have culture which has developed. The culture injects an otherwise unknown into the evolutionary process. Humans, Wills says, had advanced brains which allowed them to create a complex culture. The culture challenged their brains and led to more complex brains as the species involved. This process continued to repeat and is still repeating today. This is what Wills claims is driving us towards our ultimate best. The second section of the book is titled The Bones and tells the story of the archeological remains of the ancestors of humanity. Wills creates a fascinating tale as he describes the lives, feelings and desires of the people involved in finding these bones. Not only does he describe the find and its significance to the understanding of evolution, he also tells the story of the finder making the section more of a human drama than a dry telling of f acts.

Technology Enhanced Classrooms Essay -- Internet Learning Papers

Technology compound Classrooms The era of The Information Age is upon us as educators to access, explore, utilize, and implement the exercising of the meshwork. as a wonderfully innovative and valuable apparatus to single-valued function in the classroom for the purpose of teaching our students through the exploration of a large territory of endless information, experiences, interactions, and unlimited ideas known as the Internet. Purpose The purpose of this account is to present a variety of computer and Internet techniques that can be utilized into the Information Age classroom and curriculum as a tool for teaching and learning in modern educational systems. Technology Enhanced Classrooms The era of The Information Age is upon us as educators to access, explore, utilize, and implement the use of the Internet as a wonderfully innovative and valuable tool to use in the classroom for the purpose of teaching our students through the exploration of a vast territory of endless information, experiences, interactions, and unlimited ideas known as the Internet. The purpose of this paper is to present a variety of computer and Internet techniques that can be utilized into the Information Age classroom and curriculum as a tool for teaching and learning in modern educational systems. In order to effectively use the Internet, one needs to grasp basic computer techniques that will enable the transition from traditional classroom practices to that of technology enhanced methods that will be exciting for educators and students alike. As educators endeavor to follow standards, core content, lesson objectives, and the like, we often make for caught up in the routine methods of presenting lessons. The Internet offers more data than could ever be obtained... ... continue to be presented concerning Internet skills. Using the Internet to enhance your classroom is a direction that will create an entirely alternate method of teaching. Utilizing the implementation of Internet skills into subject plan will increase the interest atm within the classroom thus resulting in a higher-level of comprehension as a result of students actually being a part of their educational experience. ReferencesBarksdale, K. (1999). Internet concepts & activities. Cincinnati South-Western Educational produce. Cashman, T. J. (1995). Learning to use microcomputer applications. Danvers International Thomson Publishing. Maran, G. (1995). Internet and World Wide Web simplified. Foster City IDG Books Worldwide, Inc. Weixel, S. (1997). Personal computing essentials. Indianapolis Labreque Publishing Services.

Fitting In in the book I Want to Be Miss America Essay examples -- Jul

In I Want to Be Miss America, Julia Alvarez examines her adolescent struggle to be American. For Alvarez, her Hispanic culture becomes a interference to her inclusion in American society. So, Alvarez and her sisters, struggle to become what they are not, Americans. Alvarez uses a somewhat biased stereotype to identify the model of an ideal American, but she does serve clear. The struggle of all American teenagers to fit into or molded by a standard which for many of them is impossible to achieve. Relating to Alvarez and her struggle is very easy and vigorous known in every generation. Society puts a ridiculous high standard on outer appearances, especially for girls and women. Women grasp the perspective of the standards that are pin down and put them into drive. Women become stressed, emotional, and nutcases because they want to please others instead of pleasing themselves. In some cases, women have died trying to live up to these customaries, if not becoming hazardously ill. As a young lady, knowing what could happen, frightens but doesnt phase me. Wi...

Marketing Mix for Manchester United Product Essay -- Business Manageme

merchandise Mix for Manchester unite Product A massive sports store selling Manchester united.IntroductionMarketingStrategic marketing defined by Stevens, Loudon, Wrenn, and Warren(1997).Consisting of the complete plan for the accomplishments of the ecesiss mission statements and stated objectivesAnd by Hiebing and Cooper (1995)Marketing strategy is a statement detailing how an someonemarketing objective will be achieved, and describes the method foraccomplishing the objectiveWhereas market strategies are a system designed to help make thedecisions that will piddle a fit between your organisations goals andresources and ever-changing market opportunities (Gray 1991).Manchester UnitedA massive and possibly the richest club in world football today,Started off in 1878, as a small township club originally calledLancashire and Yorkshire Railway Newton Heath. Became professionalin 1885 and adopted Manchester United in 1905.Marketing Mix for Manchester UnitedProduct* tremendously Succ essful European football aggroup.* A massive sports store selling Manchester united products (e.g. footballs boots, lunchboxes team kits etc...).* The personal images of being a sweet team so making the supporters believe they are winners.* The game experience including, food, drink, entertainment before and at fractional time and the match).* Images of idols. E.g. idol to kids is Wayne Rooney, older times Bobby Charlton or Eric Cantona.* M.U.T.V. A television station on sky giving fans an insiders view to the clubs history, present and prox goings on.* M.U. finance. A selection of credit cards, insurances, savings, mortgages and loans.* M.U.... ...n to turn back compatibility of its recommendations with EU law.Strengths Large Fan base Large facilitated club stadium Constant income from tickets to kits to insurance Have partnerships with study brands such as Nike, Vodaphone and Budweiser.Weaknesses Many fans detain abroad and cannot attend games regularly Are Manche sters products such as insurance market orientated? Losing fans to ChelseaOpportunities To crap the fan base of USA and part of Asia partnerships could lead to bigger market share Young idols appearing which most kids want to copy. E.g. Wayne Rooney Wage cap moer some clubs cant bear up under certain players Team can attract big name playersThreats Chelsea Peter Kenyons move to Chelsea Real Madrids control over Asia No longer having David Beckham Britains scotch slow down Marketing Mix for Manchester United Product Essay -- Business ManagemeMarketing Mix for Manchester United Product A massive sports store selling Manchester united.IntroductionMarketingStrategic marketing defined by Stevens, Loudon, Wrenn, and Warren(1997).Consisting of the complete plan for the accomplishments of theorganisations mission statements and stated objectivesAnd by Hiebing and Cooper (1995)Marketing strategy is a statement detailing how an individualmarketing objective will be achie ved, and describes the method foraccomplishing the objectiveWhereas market strategies are a system designed to help make thedecisions that will create a fit between your organisations goals andresources and changing market opportunities (Gray 1991).Manchester UnitedA massive and possibly the richest club in world football today,Started off in 1878, as a small town club originally calledLancashire and Yorkshire Railway Newton Heath. Became professionalin 1885 and adopted Manchester United in 1905.Marketing Mix for Manchester UnitedProduct* Hugely Successful European football team.* A massive sports store selling Manchester united products (e.g. footballs boots, lunchboxes team kits etc...).* The personal images of being a winning team so making the supporters believe they are winners.* The game experience including, food, drink, entertainment before and at half time and the match).* Images of idols. E.g. idol to kids is Wayne Rooney, older generation Bobby Charlton or Eric Canton a.* M.U.T.V. A television station on sky giving fans an insiders view to the clubs history, present and future goings on.* M.U. finance. A selection of credit cards, insurances, savings, mortgages and loans.* M.U.... ...n to ensure compatibility of its recommendations with EU law.Strengths Large Fan base Large facilitated club stadium Constant income from tickets to kits to insurance Have partnerships with major brands such as Nike, Vodaphone and Budweiser.Weaknesses Many fans live abroad and cannot attend games regularly Are Manchesters products such as insurance market orientated? Losing fans to ChelseaOpportunities To gain the fan base of USA and parts of Asia partnerships could lead to bigger market share Young idols appearing which most kids want to copy. E.g. Wayne Rooney Wage cap means some clubs cant afford certain players Team can attract big name playersThreats Chelsea Peter Kenyons move to Chelsea Real Madrids control over Asia No longer having David Beckham Britain s economic slow down

Marketing Mix for Manchester United Product Essay -- Business Manageme

trade Mix for Manchester United Product A enormous sports store marketing Manchester united.Introduction sellingStrategic marting defined by Stevens, Loudon, Wrenn, and Warren(1997).Consisting of the complete plan for the accomplishments of theorganisations mission statements and express objectivesAnd by Hiebing and Cooper (1995)Marketing dodging is a statement detailing how an individual commercializeing objective will be achieved, and describes the method foraccomplishing the objectiveWhereas market strategies are a system knowing to help make thedecisions that will create a fit between your organisations goals andresources and changing market opportunities (Gray 1991).Manchester UnitedA massive and possibly the richest club in world football game today,Started off in 1878, as a small town club originally calledLancashire and Yorkshire railway line Newton Heath. Became professionalin 1885 and adopted Manchester United in 1905.Marketing Mix for Manchester UnitedProduct* Hugel y Successful European football team.* A massive sports store selling Manchester united products (e.g. footballs boots, lunchboxes team kits etc...).* The personal images of being a winning team so do the supporters believe they are winners.* The game realize including, food, drink, entertainment before and at half time and the match).* Images of idols. E.g. idol to kids is Wayne Rooney, older generation Bobby Charlton or Eric Cantona.* M.U.T.V. A picture station on sky plentiful fans an insiders view to the clubs history, present and future goings on.* M.U. finance. A selection of credit cards, insurances, savings, mortgages and loans.* M.U.... ...n to ensure compatibility of its recommendations with EU law.Strengths Large devotee base Large facilitated club arena Constant income from tickets to kits to insurance Have partnerships with major brands such as Nike, Vodaphone and Budweiser.Weaknesses Many fans live abroad and deposenot attend games on a regular basis Are Manchesters products such as insurance market orientated? Losing fans to ChelseaOpportunities To gain the fan base of USA and parts of Asia partnerships could lead to bigger market share Young idols appearing which most(prenominal) kids want to copy. E.g. Wayne Rooney Wage cap means some clubs cant afford certain players Team can attract big name playersThreats Chelsea pecker Kenyons move to Chelsea Real Madrids control over Asia No longer having David Beckham Britains economic slow down Marketing Mix for Manchester United Product Essay -- Business ManagemeMarketing Mix for Manchester United Product A massive sports store selling Manchester united.IntroductionMarketingStrategic marketing defined by Stevens, Loudon, Wrenn, and Warren(1997).Consisting of the complete plan for the accomplishments of theorganisations mission statements and stated objectivesAnd by Hiebing and Cooper (1995)Marketing strategy is a statement detailing how an individualmarketing objective will be achieved, and describes the method foraccomplishing the objectiveWhereas market strategies are a system designed to help make thedecisions that will create a fit between your organisations goals andresources and changing market opportunities (Gray 1991).Manchester UnitedA massive and possibly the richest club in world football today,Started off in 1878, as a small town club originally calledLancashire and Yorkshire Railway Newton Heath. Became professionalin 1885 and adopted Manchester United in 1905.Marketing Mix for Manchester UnitedProduct* Hugely Successful European football team.* A massive sports store selling Manchester united products (e.g. footballs boots, lunchboxes team kits etc...).* The personal images of being a winning team so making the supporters believe they are winners.* The game experience including, food, drink, entertainment before and at half time and the match).* Images of idols. E.g. idol to kids is Wayne Rooney, older generation Bobby Charlton or Eric Cantona.* M.U.T.V. A television station on sky giving fans an insiders view to the clubs history, present and future goings on.* M.U. finance. A selection of credit cards, insurances, savings, mortgages and loans.* M.U.... ...n to ensure compatibility of its recommendations with EU law.Strengths Large Fan base Large facilitated club stadium Constant income from tickets to kits to insurance Have partnerships with major brands such as Nike, Vodaphone and Budweiser.Weaknesses Many fans live abroad and cannot attend games regularly Are Manchesters products such as insurance market orientated? Losing fans to ChelseaOpportunities To gain the fan base of USA and parts of Asia partnerships could lead to bigger market share Young idols appearing which most kids want to copy. E.g. Wayne Rooney Wage cap means some clubs cant afford certain players Team can attract big name playersThreats Chelsea Peter Kenyons move to Chelsea Real Madrids control over Asia No longer having David B eckham Britains economic slow down

Religious Leaders Essay

My fellow men, women and children, young, old and inbetween I energize umpteen thanks to give all of you. You induce brought me present today in hopes of a fail future for non only our estate tho for all the countries and without regard to color or race, the common good is what this nation withdraws. We need to acclaim together, divine service each other to become one and only(a) in a synergistic form so that we all privy survive not only frugalally but spiritually. You pay off recognized this.In doing this then the lives of all of us allow become filled with more peace, patience and understanding thus providing for a less fight torn country whether by actual war or by economicalal means and in this, the ripple effect leave behind also allow an economical balance more so than all of us fighting against everything that we do each day. We need to start with the promotion of the justly subjects and this would be the health and welfargon of all of us. These two topic s give always hold a common good for everyone. Based upon this completeledge there are three basic principles in which we must address and implement.Respect, social welfare and peace and security. (Principle of the Common Good- 2007 Ascension Health). Fundamentally as human beings we all have rights to education, employment, health care, clothes, food and shelter and the only way to achieve this is to have a very clear set of goals as basic humans. Basic humans who know to live for basic principles and follow the differences of what is right and wrong have a good head start for dower to change the face of our country. We have empathy for those who suffer and help those who are in those positions.We are not greedy nor live in a corporate financial world but one of a spiritual world, doing what we know to be right and true, even if it isnt necessarily by a bible. We love without knowing who they are, we give because the braggy is requisite for all of us. We hope and pray for the lives of others, in the end we get out come together and be able to form, as a unity, a much remedy country in which to live. It is in this thought that we all must have and practice certain virtues and in the words of Josef Pieper those virtues are temperance, prudence, justice and fortitude.We must have the fortitude to not be afraid of our own true selves and to come forrad and do what is necessary and right. We are in uncertain judgment of convictions and these time entrust only become more uncertain with or without changing the face of how we live and what we do. We must have the fortitude to bring put up our country and certain factios that have been all but destroyed or deleted from our constitution. While we are struggling to have this fortitude we must also maintain a restraint against one another, a self control of angers and behaviors, a moderation of the dislike we all experience and a with holding of the negative talk from our tounges.If we croupe moderate our s elf interests with the interests and rights of others then our judgment and actions will become more appropriate. It is at this time that I propose radical changes in which to do barely this and with much prayer and a strong belief in these virtues it is time to be selfish as a country, as a whole and graduation exercise bring back the true freedom of religion. All positive religion is base upon the commonality of good, the basic principle of truth, respect, loyalty and love. I stand to begin with you today thanking my own higher power that this country has brought me in front of you today.That there has been the realization that we are lacking much as a country and that you have chosen me to help lead the way from the dark back into the light. I thank my higher power that this country has agreed to bringing back our higher powers that many will call religion. It is in our Gods as one that we are united and we could not be united here today without your help and the setting asid e of fears of persecution. From this day forward our Gods will be back with us in our churches, on our money, in our flag and I pray in our souls and in a continual motion to to perpetuate the goodness where we once stood.This will be a rough road but the addage of good wins over evil is what we will show from here on out. In the interest and continuity of our new found freedoms and in light of our economic situation we must practice yet again another round of the fortitude that you all exhibited and go forth to heal our country in its many torn threads and it is in this that I plan on withdrawing some of our foreing aid which in turn will help to promote our own economic challenges by providing jobs and better financial means of our country.In the interest of what the other countries may lose in bringing back our foreign aid I will endow to help them also come up with a positive plan on how they grass further themselves as well without our help. This is the giving side of me, of o ur country. It may be only a peace of paper or a few ideas but helping one another without destroying what we apply to have is tantamount in our country and hopefully these actions will lead by example and instead of facing an armageddon of war among church and state, maybe we loafer face the opposite, the loving god and learn to accept others higher powers and respect these as well.In the meaning of education, all private institutions outside of colleges will no longer be tuition based that way we have more alternatives to education and those who wish to have their children brought up in a religion based setting will be able to do so. Essentially education will be free outside of what we would normally agree to pay by dint of our taxes. Health care will become a more socialized moment. While we are not a socialized country some things need to be socialized and health care is one of these.Our medications will be free to those who qualify. Those who qualify will be those who are u nable to work in any way. Those who are able to maintain employment, physically and mentally will have the option of paying for medications or performing duties of a helpful temperament such as helping our less fortunate within private social clubs, helping our children with aspects they need it comes down to a propose basis of helping one another. It may even be the doctor in which you are visiting tomorrow that postulate an extra hand in planting beginning for his yard.While this lacks an income of financial means in many ways it is also part of our duty to help. Much like a barter arranging which close of us practice in and have since we were children ourselves. It is a basic principle. At the end of each year we, the government will reimburse the healthcare system a portion of what they have put out. We, the government will impose strict guidelines of record keeping so that we may never have to come back to the people to ask for financial assistance. This is the difference of socialized medicine in Canada whereas there are taxes imposed upon each taxpayer.Instead of taxes being paid, it will be paid by our own choice of monies or volunteering. In the adherence to guideline employment will rise as this will fashion jobs of maintaining and monthly checks of billing procedures and barter trades. The people who are put into these positions do not have to be government related but regular laymens. The volunteer system will consist of a list of volunteer jobs available contingent upon how much is spent in the medical field for your ailments. This list can be added to by the attending physician.As for clothes, shelter and food, everyone is entitled. Those who are homeless for one reason or another will be introduced to new programs that will help them overcome barriers. The government, once again will provide many surplus shelter homes and those who normally donate to thrift stores, their clothes or additional foods may continue to do so. In addtion to th ese it is respectfully requested that these donations also bedivied among all the Nations warehouse that will be implemented so that those less fortunate may also enjoy the basic living of food, clothes and shelter.We as a nation, you as the people who wanted this will measure the entire bartering system and learn what self sufficiency is about and the goodwill that we learn will last a lifetime and pass on, I pray, from times to generation. This will take the work of all of us together as a team. Whether we are Catholic, Protestant, Baptist, non denominational or Atheist regardless of our beliefs, it is my hope that we can all step aside from ourselves to objectively see what the others have to offer before we judge.Whether we are religious or not, we all know that to judge is not in our best interest and serves no good justice. You as a country has asked for financial stability, free medicines, employment additional education, a lack of war and many other things and it is in thi s I thank you for demanding this knowing the work will be harder to get to where you want but the perseverance of the people to get down what they desire. All men will be equal, all will have to work as hard as the next to care for each other.We will rise and come forth as a nation, holding our heads high because we have done what we have done for the better good for all of us. We will feel good knowing we helped the infirm to obtain their medicines, of teaching our children the hidden but inherent good of other people. Know that it was all of your decisions that have brought forth the ideas for change and it is all of our responsibility to implement these changes.During my time of asking you to choose myself as President I asked everyone to write in what they hoped to see, their ideas and thoughts of change and during this time I had my own panel of people analyze this information and we have, as best as we could, implemented every idea into the plan for change for the betterment of you. I thank you all for coming today. I thank you for your support and throughout these next few years I plan on becoming what is know more of as a friend than a Presidential figure.Friends work together hand in hand to help others and that is exactly what this country needs and this is exactly what I plan on doing. Once again, thank you and have a better day. Works Cited Josef Pieper. Religious Leaders. 17 September 2007. http//en. wikiquote. org/wiki/Josef_Pieper Klaus Rohrich. Dear the States (Canada Warns U. S. About Socialized Medicine) 7/12/04. http//www. freerepublic. com/focus/f-news/1169903/posts Principle of the Common Good- 2007 Ascension Health http//www. ascensionhealth. org/ethics/public/key_principles/common_good. asp

No to Gmo Essay

No to GMOgenetically modify foods argon foods or plants that nurse been modified by researchers and scientists to improve the growth and development process. This idea was first introduced in 1982 and now has become widespread in use, especially in the US. This technology is sometimes referred to as gene technology or genetic engineering (WHO). All genetically modified foods are produced in a laboratory to enhance its biological characteristic (Godiff). This is non healthy. GM foods have the potential to pose major health risks for humans. The three major issues of concern for human health are allergenicity, gene transfer, and outcrossing. genetically modified foods also pose risks to the environment, such as the possibility of species extinction (WHO). These foods are being produced because they seem to be advantageous. They seem to bring promise of tear down prices and better quality. The whole purpose of genetically modified food(s) is to improve crop production by resisting un indispensablenessed insect damage, viral infections, and tolerating real herbicides however, this is non the pass on of GM foods (WHO). Cost, safety, property rights, and potential environmental danger all must be properly address and assessed. But perhaps they are being addressed in all the wrong ways. One of the biggest overall concerns, aside from human health, is for the environment.First, there is a fear that the GMOs may escape and introduce the engineered genes into fantastical populations (WHO). This way of life the modified genes could alter plants and animals that were not meant to be altered. This leads into another big issue, insects that may not be pests will become susceptible to the gene product, make death throughout various insect populations. That might mean the very insects that help plant growth and provide essential nutrients, will die off. A study showed that the pollen from genetically modified corn caused high death rates in monarch butterfly caterpi llars (Godiff). Monarch butterflies are already a beneficial threatened species. If we continue to grow these crops, we could risk endangering not only the magnificent Monarch butterfly, but other species as well. This is a big problem. The first of the major concerns for human health is allergenicity. Allergenicity is a problem because there are possibilities that a new allergen could be produced along with the new gene, meaning that it could produce compensate much(prenominal) things to be allergic to (Godiff). Because so many people are allergic todifferent types of food, this seems to raise the most concern. Not only is it harmful that allergenicity is a concern, it is even worse that there is no reliable way to test the product for allergies (Pusztai). The next two areas of concern surround gene transfer and outcrossing. And they are a lot more complicated. Gene transfer is when genes from the GM food product transfer to cells of the body. This could result in serious unt oward effects.This would be extremely bad if genes with an antibiotic resistance were to be transferred into the human body. Once they were transferred it would cause antibiotic resistance, which would lead to the body not being able to fight off certain pathogens. Once the body is not able to fight off the pathogens, it could lead to a weakened immune system and ultimately not getting better. This is severely work in the medical field going to waste. Outcrossing, the second important area of concern, is the movement of genes from GM plants into conventional crops or related species in the loony (WHO). This is an issue because seeds can easily be transferred from one place to another- by wind, water, and certain animals. The pollen from the genetically modified crops could also be transferred to the conventional crops. This ultimately means that our conventional crops may become contaminated, and mixed with the GMCs. Farmers will have no way of knowing if this happens. So, one pro posed way to fix this is to adopt regulations such as separation of the fields between GM crops and conventional crops (WHO). Genetically modified crops and conventional crops cannot co-exist.Really, in general, there is no end to the controversy over genetically modified crops or GMOs. Each of these foods must be assessed on case-to-case basis. These studies cannot be generalized and cannot be taken lightly. Greenpeace said, Scientific concerns about the safety of GM foods are clearly real (Meikle) There is a study that showed the toxin levels are not only extremely evident but also extremely unpredictable (Pusztai). In all honesty, while these may be the major and most important areas of debate, they are not the only ones. In fact, there could be countless adverse health effects that we do not even know about yet. These products must undergo more testing and stricter regulations. We, like the European Union, need to carry out and place more emphasis on testing GM foods. Perhaps n ot to the extreme, as they are, like violent protesting and activist raids. We do not wishing to destroy years of fieldwork, but we do need to do something, before it gets out of hand(Curry). There is not nearly enough information on genetically modified foods for them to be considered safe. There is no information on the long-term effects. Finally, labeling genetically modified foods. This should hit home the most. We should know what we are eating. We should want to know what we are eating. If the product is made with genetically modified corn, it should say so on the ingredients list.Otherwise it should be labeled no GMOs. This is so important, rightful(prenominal) for everyday purposes, so that we can consciously decide and make educated decisions on the foods we are eating and what we are supporting. How are we supposed to stop the hole production of GMCs if we are buying them? Buying foods that are made with GMOs is only showing support for the very thing we do not want. Th is is essential for ourselves and our family. In conclusion, genetically modified foods are bad news. There is not enough information on them to really know whether or not they are okay. And there is certainly not any information on what they could do to our health in the future.Until there is, the skepticism will remain. Genetically modified foods need to be further researched and labeled in the market. But as of right now, they seem to be causing a lot of problems and also have the potential to cause many more. Human health and the environment are at risk. Genetically modified foods arent worth it. Once there is more research and tests done, there may be reason to further review it. But right now the answer is no.Bibliography20 Questions on Genetically Modified (GM) Foods. World Health Organization . Web. 12 Mar. 2013.. Curry, Andrew. Seeds of Conflict. Discover Magazine. (2013) n. page. Web. 12 Mar. 2013. .Godiff, Lewis. Genetically Modified Foods. Science and Technology Journal. (2012) Web. 12 Mar. 2013..Meike, James. Journal to Publish GM Foods Report. Guardian. (1999) Web. 26Feb. 2013. . Pusztai, Arpad. Genetically Modified Foods Are They a Risk to Human/Animal Health?. actionbioscience. n. page. Web. 12 Mar. 2013. .

Stroke Care Management and Pressure Ulcer Assessment Tool

Student Number 21127187 Module Assessment and Therapeutic Care Management Module Code AN 602 Assignment Title A Case con Stroke Care Management and embrace Ulcer Assessment Tool Word Count 3296 Date Submitted eleventh January, 2012 This academic work aims to present a clinical case study of a patient who is diagnosed of cerebrovascular accident (CVA), also c wholeed slice, achieve a deeper reasonableness of debilitating post- blow complications using an judicial decision guide and treat interventions to the nursing diagnosis of impaired skin law.This essay aims to incorporate the utilisation of a nip ulceration grade judicial decision pecker to establish baseline judgment data and facilitate ongoing wound care commission in relation to pressure sensation ulcers (PrUs) as one of capacious term problems encountered in the care of a shaft patient. A holistic assessment of the patient will be required, key outing activities of daily living to enable the harbor to de vise a project involving the therapeutic team up in line with identified nursing diagnoses.Due to limitation on word count, the essay will condense more on the present health status in relation to electron orbits pertinent to PrUs management during the rehabilitation process. For the purpose of this academic work, the patient will be protected by the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) Code of Conduct (2008) by use of a pseudonym, Mr. X. Mr. X, is an 87 year-old elderly obese patient, with long-term diagnosis of Hypertension (HPN) and Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (DM), on maintenance medications, who was recently diagnosed of Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA).Mr. X was transferred to a nursing home after the acute hospitalisation for long-term care. Brunner (2008) unsexs CVA, Ischemic Stroke, or Brain Attack as sudden loss of neurologic mathematical process proceedsing from line of credit flow disruption in cerebral blood vessels. Stroke has two main types, Ischae mic and Hemmorhaegic the former is shake upd by an infarction of blood clot in brain artery and accounts for 80 % of every cuff cases while the latter is caused by bleeding into the brain wander papers accounting to 20 % of byzant occurrences (Feigin et al, 2003).Stroke is the third leading cause of death and is a major cause of adult neurological disability which affects approximately 130,000 people a year in the UK (National Audit Office, 2005). Mr. X was diagnosed of having left middle cerebral artery (MCA) infarct 7 months ago resulting to neurological deficits on the contralateral side of the body. The extent of deficits following stroke depends upon the affected cerebral artery and subsequent areas of brain tissue compromised of blood supply by the violated vessel (Porth, 2007). Upon assessment, Mr.X has honorable side hemiplegia, contralateral receptive scathe, dysphasia, bowel and bladder incontinence, and an existing Category I PrUs on both heels. The hemiplegia is explained by Brunner (2008) that because motor neurons decussate, a disturbance of motor control on one side of the body may reflect revile to the motor neurons on the opposite side of the brain. Williams et al (2010) states that following a MCA infarct, there is alteration of the brains ability to process and interpret sensory data which results in Mr. Xs sensory impairment.Porth (2007) defines aphasia as a general term with varying degrees of inability to comprehend, integrate, and express language. Porth (2007) further states that a stroke on the MCA territory is the most common aphasia-producing stroke. It is then imperative to understand the pathology of affected areas of the brain to anticipate comportment of motor, sensory, and speech deficits where the nurses and entire therapeutic team open fire intervene. For the purpose of data gathering and assessment, Gordons Functional Health Pattern (1987) is utilised as a framework of this essay.The model presents 11 operable hea lth patterns categorized systematically for data collection and analysis, and is used as a guide in the development of a comprehensive nursing data base ( Gordon, 2000). The nurses can recognize running(a) patterns as the clients strengths and dysfunctional patterns as the nursing diagnoses, which assist the nurse in developing the care plan (Gordon, 1994, 200). The assessment guide is particularly chosen because it gives the nurse a full opportunity to examine not barely the physical aspect f human functioning but includes physiological and psychological disturbances experienced by the patient. Nursing diagnoses can then be derived from the wide-range of assessment data collected. The Gordons assessment tool is thereby used a framework for ensuring that all aspects of an individuals patients life are considered. However, this essay will only focus on the following health patterns cognitive Perceptual, Nutritional-Metabolic, Activity and Exercise where nursing problems were iden tified and thereby require therapeutic care management.The Agency for Healthcare Policy and inquiry Guideline for Post-Stroke Rehabilitation (AHCPR, 2005) recommends that initial assessment of stroke patients should include a complete history and physical assessment with emphasis on medical co-morbidities, aim of consciousness, skin assessment and take chances of PrUs, mobility, and bowel and bladder function. Moreover, the following areas of assessment contribute to the development of PrUs impaired sensory perception or cognition, decreased tissue perfusion, nutrition and hydration status, friction and shear forces, skin moisture, mobility, and continence status (Brunner, 2008 Porth 2007).The specific areas mentioned above will be of greater emphasis delinquent to its contribution to PrU management in post-stroke Mr. X. Based upon history taking, Mr. X has been living with Hypertension (HPN) and DM for 12 years and has been insulin dependent for 5 months now after the occurrenc e of stroke. yesteryear medical history must be taken into essential consideration especially in chronic conditions to ascertain levels of compliance to medical interventions, perception towards infirmity, and disturb on patients lives (Crumbie, 2006).Establishment of rapport and consequently gaining trust from the patient thereby enables the nurse to create a adept baseline history assessment and attain patients cooperation through the entire rehabilitation process. The nursing process first step is assessment which involves collecting data to help identify actual and potential health problems and patient needs. In order to develop separate nursing diagnoses, accurate assessments should be do to guarantee allocation of appropriate resources in the planning stage to achieve expected outcomes. Potter and Perry, 2008). It could be suggested that nurses in this stage of nursing process should employ opportunities for holistic assessments and use searing thinking in determining f ocus areas to be included in the database. The cephalo-caudal principle of assessment is incorporated as a guide for presenting the health patterns, which sets the Cognitive Perceptual pattern as the first to be approached highlighting assessments on cognition, perception, sensory, pain, and language.Williams et al (2010) states that post-stroke damage to the brain can result to cognitive and sensory impairment which often includes a decrease in thinking, effective decision-making, memory, and perception. Mr. Xs assessment of this health pattern reveals discourse difficulty between patient and health care team. If communication problems arise, nurses conduct referrals to the Speech and Language Therapy (SLT) who diagnoses presence of aphasia. However, the type of aphasia has not been established yet since Mr.X has been reportedly uncooperative to therapies. It could be suggested however, that basing on research, the Frenchay Aphasia Screening try on (Enderby et al, 1987) can be u tilised by the SLT to administer a quick language measure. An other(a) recommendation is the participation of nurses in an interview (Inpatient Functional communication Interview, McCooey et al, 2004) by the SLT to describe how Mr. X carry at bedside to help the SLT diagnose communication problems, if any.The limitation on data gathering and assessment process can be compromised at this stage because of problems on communication between the nurse and the patient. It could be suggested that a referral to a speech pathologist can be made to evaluate the patients speech, language and ability to understand by testing verbal expression, writing ability, reading, and understanding of verbal expression (Barker, 2002). A nursing diagnosis identified is Impaired verbal communication related to effects of dysphasia.It may be suggested that nurses should provide patients with aphasia a regular way of communicating, through happen gesture, tone of voice, facial expressions and verify respon ses with family members when warranted ( Holland et al, 2003). It may also be necessary to talk slow, clear, in simple terms and render the patient ample clock time to understand the information given (Barker, 2002). Family members of aphasic stroke survivors may also experience difficulty in various roles of care giving since the patient cannot communicate effectively (Christensen and Anderson, 1989 Draper and Brocklehurst, 2007).Therefore, it is also necessary to include the family, caregivers, and the nurses at bedside during therapies to maximise nursing care (Intercollegiate Stroke Working Party, 2008). Mr. Xs perception of pain is assessed sporadically at varying times of a day to ensure pain relief. Mr. X cannot verbalise pain, but most of the time shows facial grimaces while pointing to right shoulder and hand where pain are felt. Brunner (2008) says that as many as 70 % of stroke patients suffer severe shoulder pain that interdicts patients to perform repose and perfor m self-care activities.Mr. X upon physical assessment has atrocious shoulder, swelling and stiffness on right hand, defined by Brunner (2008) as shoulder-hand syndrome which causes a frozen shoulder and subcutaneous tissue atrophy, and is always painful. However, according to Edwards & Charlton (2002), it cannot be a cause of pain if managed correctly with appropriate limb support. In this regard, pain assessments should always be subjective and be backed up with objective data gathered. Nursing diagnosis identified is Chronic pain related to immobility secondary to malady process (Heath, 2008).Mr. X has been prescribed with pain relief, Piroxicam gel onto pain areas three times a day and Tramadol tab daily. Piroxicam Gel is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that inhibits the enzyme prostaglandin thereby reducing pain and swelling whereas Tramadol is an Opiod analgesic (British National Formulary, 2010). Moreover, Mr. X has been receiving Amitryptiline HCl to help in the mana gement of post-stroke pain but it causes cognitive problems and sedation (Brunner, 2008) thereby requiring safety nursing measures.However, non-pharmacological nursing interventions should be employed first hand before medical interventions. Brunner (2008) suggests elevation of the hand and arm to prevent edema. National stroke guidelines recommend any patient whose range of motion at a joint is reduced should undergo passive stretching of all affected joints on a daily basis, and furthermore, taught to carers (Carter & Edwards, 2002) provided that pain relief is achieved at all times.Referrals to physical therapy or occupational therapy are suggested to evaluate physical debilitations relating to functional mobility to promote pre-morbid independence and subsequently enhance quality of life (Barker, 2011). The second health pattern to be presented is Nutritional Metabolic. Stroke can present a wide range of deficits which can affect ability to eat and predispose a post-stroke pati ent from malnutrition (Williams et al. , 2010).It is supported by Shelton and Reding (2001) who integrates associated weakness and sensory loss on arm and face more than the leg in patients who has had occlusion of the MCA. Barker (2002) states that nearly one third of stroke survivors have dysphagia and chewing difficulties which prompts nurses strategies to liaise aspiration risk with SLT and nutritionist or dietitian. Special diet and caloric calculations may also be needed for Mr. X due to daily insulin management, not to mention daily blood glucose monitoring.Waterlow (1985) emphasizes that those with eating difficulties are likely to eat less, thereby slowly predisposing to poor nutritional intake, so efforts should be directed at creating good balanced diet, is well-presented, and if possible, assistive devices are provided such as adapted cutlery for ease in eating, plate guards, non-slip pads and beakers for drinking. Monitoring of nutritional deterioration of post stroke patients is essential during rehabilitation phase thereby giving attention to nutritional intake, weight, gastrointestinal function, and general health condition (NICE, 2005).Weekly weighing has been advocated and utilization of nutritional blanket tools that are formalize and reliable are recommended by NICE (2005). Review of systems provides skin assessment in nutritional metabolic health pattern which revealed presence of pressure ulcer on heels. The European Pressure Ulcer consultatory Panel (EPUAP) and National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel (NPUAP) (2009, p7) defines, A pressure ulcer is localized blemish to the skin and/or underlying tissue usually over a bony prominence , as a result of pressure, or pressure in combination with shear.Waterlow (1996) emphasizes that excessive weight increases pressure on a bony area thinly covered by tissue such as the sacrum, heels, and trochanters. Pressure ulcers (PrUs) on the heel is a very common site of PrUs, ranking second from the sacrum (Bennett & Lee,1985 Hunter et al, 1985 Wong & Stotts, 2003) and is often painful (Black, 2005). Krueger (2006) in her study, stated that 25% of heel PrUs are related to diabetic neuropathy and peripheral arterial occlusive disease.PrU sorting systems describe how severe the tissue damage is through progressive numbers or categories (Dealey, 2009). Given that all overlords utilize same system, logic dictates that all PrUs will be objectively assessed, however, Ousey (2005) debates that many rate systems available are rather subjective in nature giving professionals varying assessment interpretations. Grading systems assists healthcare professionals identify the severity of PrUs and serve as a baseline for care plans. However, careful clinical judgement by the nurse s essential in ensuring that the classification systems are used only as a guide, professional skills in assessment are needed to ascertain objective assessment data. In conclusion, grading systems serve as prec ious tools to determine pressure sore severity in clinical radiation pattern, audit, and research ( Beeckman, 2007). Moreover, consistency in the use of classification system will enable the professionals to define progress of healing, allow evaluation of goals of treatment, and revise plans as deemed necessary.Based on the European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel (EPUAP) and National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel (NPUAP) (2009) Pressure Ulcer Classification System, Mr. X has a Category I PrU and is defined as an area of intact skin with non-blanchable redness of a localized area, usually on a bony prominence, which may present as painful, warm, and edematous. The NPUAP and EPUAP classification system was designed to provide commonality in the explanation and grading / categorization / staging of pressure ulcer, which is applicable in inter field of study settings.It has four categories, Category I to IV, each defining level of skin injury and adding physiologic descriptions, which is recommended by NICE (2005). Terms such as unclassified or unstageable and deep tissue injury (DTI) which are classified as form IV is discussed separately in the new guideline (NPUAP and EPUAP, 2009). Ousley (2005) stated that Surrey system of classifying PrUs is the simplest tool available, presenting same four levels in plain terms, however, warns professionals of its relative subjectivity due to its simplicity.The EPUAP (2007) grading system is almost similar to NPUAP (2007), describing four grades, each is described in detail. However, according to a study done by Beeckman (2007), the EPUAP system of classification has a low inter-rater reliability because of complex details in the definition, leading to a low commonality of professionals identifying the categories of PrUs, jeopardising audit of prevalence rates and affectivity of wound management.The Torrance grading system involves five stages, each stage described simply and is easy to use, however it was not widely utili sed because of its number of categories (Ousey, 2005), which may impose cloudiness against four categories, rather than achieving consensus. Healey (1995) in her study, revealed that Surrey, Torrance, and Stirling systems do not have a high level of reliability. Similarly, the Stirling Pressure Sore Severity scale (SPSSS) tool is argued by Healey (1995) to have the lowest reliability rate because of its most complex subscales under each category.There are four stages starting from 0 where there is no usher of pressure ulcer, then each category has subsections, describing the level of skin injury, wound bed, and presence of infection parameters (Ousley, 2005). However, Waterlow (1996) in her work on pressure sore barroom established the use of SPSSS as the standard classification system to be implemented because she argues that specialists and researchers need to define pressure ulcers in greater depth whereas the other systems relative simplicity is regarded as weakness in lieu o f its use on clinical audit.In this regard, the NPUAP and EPUAP guideline is considered useful because it provides evidence-based assessment as it is proven to be an effective and reliable tool in every healthcare setting. This will enable the healthcare team to improve the care required for pressure ulcer due to a common baseline assessment of the ulcer, thereby requiring a specified care management depending on its stage. Nurses can then devise a care plan based on ulcer grading, identify appropriate treatment, allocate care resources, implement the plan, and do continual evaluation of the care plan with its goal directed at wound healing.However, to achieve this level of patient assessment and care, every nurse should possess the necessary knowledge and skills which can be achieved through continuing education and fosterings in pressure risk assessment and PrUs management, an interdisciplinary collaboration ( NICE, 2005). Nursing diagnosis identified is Impaired skin integrity r elated to immobility and decreased sensory perception secondary to disease process (Heath, 2009). Nursing management employed were re placement Mr.X every 2 hours avoiding positioning on pressure area (EPUAP and NPUAP, 2009) and taking weight off the mattress by placing a pillow or a folded blanket under entire length of the leg and not under the Achilles tendon to protect the knee as well (Waterlow, 1996 NPUAP and EPUAP, 2009, Langermo et al, 2008). There are marketed devices for heel protection but needs constant care giver assessment since these devices are found to not keep the heels off the bed better than pillows do (Tymec et al, 1997).Relieving the pressure off the heels is often all that is needed to recover the tissues in category I Heel PrUs (Langemo et al, 2008) and if offloaded continuously hastens recovery time (Black, 2005). Periods of frustration and depression are sporadically experienced by 40 % of stroke patients throughout the recovery process or as a new phase i n the trajectory of a chronic illness and is often underdiagnosed (Barker, 2002).Ideally, a psychiatrist or a clinical psychologist diagnoses depression, but according to Intercollegiate stroke Working Party (2008) a healthcare professional with mental health training can diagnose using a clinical interview. It can also be suggested to use brief screening tools to identify patients at risk of depression such as the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (Zigmond & Snaith, 1983) or the Geriatric Depression Scale GDS ( Yesavage et al, 1982) which are validated tools to assess mood in stroke populations (Williams et al, 2010). Amitryptiline HCl, a Tricyclic antidepressant (BNF, 2010) is prescribed for Mr.X, and is taken daily. Duncan (2005) sets the prevention of stroke recurrence as the highest priorities in stroke rehabilitation and is therefore the responsibility of the nurse to understand stroke risk factors and apply contemporary evidence based life style changes after proper trai ning (Lawrence et al, 2011). Barker (2002) reports that stroke survivors have 30% probability of recurring stroke within a year and 50% can suffer fatal strokes in 5 years. It could then be suggested that a Stroke Risk Screening Tool (Barker, 2002) be utilised to decrease risk of death and evaluate risk factors of Mr.X such as HPN which is managed at present with antihypertensives, DM managed with Insulin injections, Hypercholesterolemia managed with Antilipidemics, advancing age, obesity, and diet. Therefore, an important aspect of nursing care is health education whereby nurses promote lifestyle change and supportive behavioral approach towards long-term health modification. In conclusion, nurses role in the care of post-stroke patient is multi-faceted, one that requires interprofessional linkage and deep understanding of contemporary evidence based interventions to address issues.DH (2007) further suggests that post stroke patients and their carers should receive support from var ying range of services made available locally. just about importantly, though nursing interventions are standardized as guidelines, it could be suggested that it may not be all applicable in every patient interaction and care should be individualized as needed (Landers & McCarthy, 2007). Therefore, it is of prime importance for nurses to understand that healthcare decisions are based from patients individual choices derived from intelligent decision-making and the objective and rofessional advice of every member of the therapeutic team. Reference List Agency for Health Care Policy and Research. 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(2006) Pressure relieving support surfaces a randomized evaluation. Poster presented at the 9th European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel Conference. Berlin, Germany. Landers, M. and Mc Carthy, G. (2007) Person-centred nursing practice with cured people in Ireland. Nursing Science Quarterly. 20 (1), 78-84. Langemo, D. , Thompson, P. Hunter, S. , Hnason, D. , Anderson, J. (2008) Heel pressure ulcersstand guard. Advances in Skin and Wound Care. 21 (6), 282-292. Lawrence, M. , Fraser, H. , Woods, C. , and McCall, J. (2011) Sec ondary prevention of stroke and transient ischemic attack. Nursing Standard. 26 (9), 41-46. Maklebust, J and Magnan, MA (1994) Risk factors associated with having a pressure ulcer a secondary data analysis. Advances in Skin and Wound Care. 7 (27), 31-34. Maklebust, J and Magnan, MA (2005) Preventing heel pressure ulcers in immobilized patients. Advances in Skin and Wound Care. 18 (1), 22 McCooey, R. , Worrall, L. , Toffoko,D. Code, C. , and Hickson, L. (2004) Inpatient functional communication interview. Singular publishing. National audit office (2005). Reducing brain damage faster access to better stroke care. The stationary office. London. National institute for health and clinical excellence (2005) CG29 Pressure ulcer developmentquick management guide online. Available from http//publications. nice. org. uk/pressure-ulcers-cg29/guidance Accessed 26 October 2011. National pressure ulcer advisory panel (NPUAP). (2007). Pressure Ulcer Definition and Stages. NPUAP. Available from www. npuap. org Accessed 16th December 2011).Nursing and Midwifery Council. (2008). The code Standards of conduct, performance and ethics for nurses and midwives. London. Nursing and midwifery council. Ousey, K. (2005) Pressure area care. Oxford. Blackwell. Porth,C. (2007) Essentials of pathophysiologyconcepts of altered mental states. 2nd ed. London. Lippincott Williams & wilkins. Shelton, FN. and Reading, MJ. (2001) Effect of lesion location on upper limb motor recovery after stroke. Stroke. 32 (1), 107-112. Smeltzer,S. , Bare, B. , Hinkle, J. , and Cheezer, K. (2008) Brunner & suddarths textbook of medical-surgical nursing. 11th ed. London.Lippincott williams & wilkins. Tymec AC, Pieper B, Vollman K. (1997) A comparison of two pressure-relieving devices on the prevention of heel pressure ulcers. Advances in Skin and Wound Care. 10(1), 39-44. Waterlow, J. (1996) Pressure sore prevention manual. Taunton, Somerset Williams, J. , Perry,L. and Watkins, C. (2010) shrewd stroke nursing . Chichester. Wiley-blackwell. Wong, VK. , Stotts, NA. (2003) Physiology and prevention of heel ulcers the state of science. Journal of Wound Ostomy and Continence Nursing. 30 ( ), 191-198. Yesavage, JA. , Brink, TL. , Rose, TL. , Lum, O. , Huang, V. (1982) Development

Kristen’s Cookies Precase Essay

1. It will take 26 minutes to fill one rush order (6+2+10+5+2+1= 26 minutes). Gantt chart is also attached.2. The cycle time is 10 minutes because the bottleneck is the time they have to wait for the cookies to bake in the oven. They cannot continue the cookie subprogram without baking and the lack of room in the oven or additional ovens are the constraints that are limiting the total operation. The capacity of the operation would be 6 orders per minute of arc (60 minutes/ 10 minutes= six orders), so that means you could fill 24 orders in one night (6 orders an hour * 4 hours). This answer does coin that every order only asks for one twelve each, for example, if one customer orders two twelve, you would only be able to fill 23 orders because that order would posit using the oven twice.3. The amount of labor per dozen for 1 order is 8 minutes per dozen (mixing and scooping takes 8 minutes) for Kristen and 4 minutes for Kristens roomie per dozen (the real transaction she does, th e time she spends postponement is negligible so the 1 minute to load, 2 minutes to package and 1 minute to accept the payment). Kristens roommate only does slightly less work per dozen when they are all similar because shell only accept the payment once, so for two dozen she would do 3.5 minutes, and three dozen she would do 3.33 minutes per dozen. Kristen does the same amount of work per dozen when they are all different. When the cookies have similar ingredients, Kristen does less work because she doesnt have to continue mixing for each dozen. If its two similar dozens of cookies, Kristen does 5 minutes of work per dozen (6 minutes of mixing, 2 minutes of scooping * 2 times/2). When its three similar dozens of cookies, Kristen does 4 minutes of work per dozen (6 minutes of mixing, 2 minutes of scooping * 3 times/3). If its two similar dozen and one different, she will do 6 minutes of work per dozen (6 minutes of mixing* 2 times, 2 minutes of scooping * 3 times/3). Kristen still d oes 3.5 and 3.33 minutes of work per dozen because her process doesnt change based on the variety of cookies.4. I personally wouldnt because the operation is slow enough and it would incentivizecustomers to buy more which isnt necessarily a good thing for the reputation of Kristens cookies in terms of its speed of service. People will probably order different dozens of cookies and as we saw, it didnt speed up Kristens operations which in terms of labor is the most timely. I think this would get more money in the short run, but in the long run flock wouldnt be too happy with Kristens speed if everyone ordered three dozens of cookies at a time (some orders wouldnt be trustworthy within hours.)5. Without any more oven space, buying more electric mixers would not be too beneficial because the bottleneck is the oven. At the moment, Kristen is actually continually waiting on oven space to be available which is what is slowing operations down, so I would stay with one since it would just increase your fixed costs. As for the trays, I would have four, because you could have one tray in the oven and still be able to scoop out the contents of the processor for three dozen cookies which would maximize Kristens efficiency and she wouldnt be waiting.6. The oven is the bottle neck because it takes the most time and the operations cannot continue without baked cookies. Kristen cannot make more cookies without space in the oven, and her roommate cannot continue to finish the order without the baked cookies either. Adding another oven (assuming it only took one dozen still), would increase the capacity to 10 orders an hour because the bottle neck would establish washing and mixing the ingredients which would be 1 minute more per dozen in the process. The new constraint for baking would be 5 minutes because in that location are two ovens now that it decreases the respective cycle time for baking by half. The maximum amount I would pay for an additional oven would be the inc rease revenue it generates per month for Kristens cookies, because past that the oven wouldnt be seeing a return on the investment.

Anita Roddick (The Body Shop) Essay

Inspiring profiles and best practices for entrepreneurs Twenty-six years ago the Brighton Evening Argus ran a degree on a dispute between two funeral parlour owners who were upset about a new cosmetics boutique which had opened up next door. It wasnt the nature of the parentage they were getting hot under the collar about, but its name. They thought the green shop front emblazoned with the words Body Shop in gold leaf might put off prospective customers. They wanted me to change my shop front which I had just spent 870 of my 4,000 loan on, recalls Roddick.My happy move was to call the Argus and tell them I was being threatened by Mafia undertakers who wanted to close me down. The press loved it. The story of the beleaguered iodine mum with the house in hock trying to support her two kids with a bootstrapping start-up worked a treat. The small splash made Body Shop a cause celebre, won plenty of local support and won an important battle to get the line of credit off the ground. T he anecdote is a small aside, recounted with a chuckle and a hint of outrage in a long interview. But although the battles got much bigger as Roddick grew her business into the multinational retailer it is today, anyone with horizontal a passing familiarity with the Body Shop story will instantly recognise the defining characteristics of its fiery feisty founder in those early eld of the business Ethical Anita versus the big bad world.There has never been any compromise in Roddicks views on how business should be done this is wherefore her husband Gordon was tasked with handling the City suits (they didnt like me talking about sexual tension at work) and why she stepped away from the business in 1998 when the shareholders said a campaigning chief executive was not what they wanted for Body Shop. You might think after thirty years of business and the relaxation of a healthy shareholding and a wedge of cash in the bank Roddicks hunger for campaigning might have diminished. But lit tle has changed since 1976. Her in style(p) venture, a publishing start-up, produces books on ethical matters. It promotes her on the speaking circuit and all the pro adequates going into campaigning. The only difference is now she occupies the position of an word-painting for women and female entrepreneurs something I dont take lightly And there is still plenty to shout about when it comes to what she sees as an ethical vacuum in business today.Suffocation She rails against the suffocation of UK businesses as we outsource to cheaper countries the failure to preserve the needs of shareholders in public companies the lack of respect for the responsibility of business to the community at large the ongoing need for women to conform to a male template in order to succeed the lack of recognition of the assess that employees bring to a business. creation ethical in business is not about giving stuff away Roddick is emphatic about what this means in practice not sandals, beards and gro up hugs in the boardroom but the adoption of simple moral values. People use the excuse of business to leave their moral philosophy at the front door and I dont know how they get away with it.But tin sess ethical business really fit in with the cut-throat world of today? Her business, she says, is living proof. She describes Body Shop as a great business experiment which is still proving a point you can run an entrepreneurial business, provide a return to shareholders while campaigning on ethical issues and placing a high value on human capital. Being ethical in business is not about giving stuff away. Its about your relationship with your employees, its about the aesthetics of the workplace and its about communication, says Roddick. There is no reason why the workplace cant be a genuine creative place, why there cant be flexitime, why there cant be transparency and even good manners. If Roddick doesnt sound like a business woman its because she has never claimed to be one. She p uts her success down to a need for a livelihood and sees herself as the accidental entrepreneur.

Disembowelment In Japanese History

Honor was defined in Dr Johnsons Dictionary in several senses. The first sense described love as nobility of soulfulness, magnanimity, and a scorn of meanness. This sort of respect derives from the perceived virtuous conduct and individualised integrity of the person endowed with it. On the new(prenominal) hand, Johnson also defined honor in relationship to reputation and fame to privileges of rank or birth, and as respect of the kind which places an individual socially and determines his practiced to precedence.This sort of honor is non so much a function of moral or ethical excellence, as it is a consequence of power. Finally, for women, according to Dr Johnson, honor is synonymous with chastity. On the other hand, dishonor means loss of honor, respect, or reputation the condition of having lost honor or good repute. many another(prenominal) lacquerese heroes choose to engage in disembowelment because it forms the way of fluent suicide by a samurai in Japan. By this met hod, samurais are deemed to be lay moody from the dishonor. A samurai is a professional warrior belonging to the Japanese feudal military aristocracy.Disembowelment or evisceration is the removing of some or all of vital organs, usually from the abdomen. The results are, in virtually all cases, fatal. It has historically been used as a severe form of capital penalisation. The last organs to be removed were invariably the core and lungs so as to preserve the victims life force for the full procedure. In Japan, disembowelment also formed part of the method of execution of or graceful suicide by a samurai. In killing themselves by this method, they were deemed to be free from the dishonor resulting from their discourtesys.The close common form of disembowelment was referred to in Japanese as seppuku (where the term hara-kiri, literally stomach cutting, is obedienceed as vulgar), involving two cuts across the abdomen, sometimes followed by pulling out whizzs own innards. The act of beheading, in most cases by singles best servant, was added to this rite suicide in later times in order to shorten the suffering of the samurai or leader, an attempt at edition the ritual more humane. In the English language, hara-kiri and seppuku are often treated as synonyms.Seppuku was a key part of bushido, the code of the samurai warriors it was used by warriors to avoid falling into enemy hands, and to attenuate demean. Samurai could also be ordered by their daimyo (feudal lords) to commit seppuku. Later shamed warriors were sometimes allowed to commit seppuku rather than be executed in the normal manner. Since the main point of the act was to restore or protect ones honor as a warrior, those who did not belong to the samurai set were never ordered or expected to commit seppuku. Samurai women could only commit the act with permission.In his book The Samurai Way of Death, Samurai The World of the Warrior (ch. 4), Dr. Stephen Turnbull states Seppuku was commonly perfo rmed using a tanto. It could lodge in place with preparation and ritual in the privacy of ones home, or speedily in a quiet corner of a battlefield while ones comrades kept the enemy at bay. In the world of the warrior, seppuku was a deed of bravery that was admirable in a samurai who knew he was defeated, disgraced, or mortally wounded. It meant that he could end his days with his transgressions wiped away and with his reputation not merely intact only if effectively enhanced.The cutting of the abdomen released the samurais spirit in the most dramatic fashion, but it was an extremely painful and unpleasant way to die, and sometimes the samurai who was performing the act asked a loyal comrade to cut off his head at the moment of agony. Sometimes a daimyo was called upon to perform seppuku as the basis of a peace agreement. This would weaken the defeated clan so that immunity would effectively cease. Toyotomi Hideyoshi used an enemys suicide in this way on several occasions, the most dramatic of which effectively ended a dynasty of daimyo forever, when the Hojo were defeated at Odawara in 1590.Hideyoshi insisted on the suicide of the retired daimyo Hojo Ujimasa, and the exile of his son Ujinao. With one sweep of a sword, the most powerful daimyo family in eastern Japan was put to an end. In time, committing seppuku came to expect a detailed ritual. A Samurai was bathed, dressed in white robes, fed his favorite meal, and when he was finished, his instrument was place on his plate. Dressed ceremonially, with his sword placed in calculate of him and sometimes seated on special cloths, the warrior would prepare for death by writing a death poem.With his selected attendant (kaishakunin, his second) standing by, he would consecrate his kimono (clothing), take up his wakizashi (short sword) or a tanto ( wound) and plunge it into his abdomen, making a left-to-right cut. The kaishakunin would then perform daki-kubi, a cut in which the warrior was all but decapit ated (a slight band of flesh is left attaching the head to the body). Because of the precision necessary for such a maneuver, the second was often a skilled swordsman. The lede agreed in advance when the kaishaku made his cut, usually as soon as the dagger was plunged into the abdomen.This elaborate ritual evolved after seppuku had ceased being mainly a battlefield or wartime practice and become a para judicial institution. The second was usually, but not always, a friend. If a defeated warrior had fought uprightly and well, an reverse who wanted to salute his bravery would volunteer to act as his second. In the Hagakure, Yamamoto Tsunetomo wrote From ages past it has been considered ill-omened by samurai to be requested as kaishaku. The reason for this is that one gains no fame even if the job is well done.And if by chance one should blunder, it becomes a lifetime disgrace. In the practice of past times, there were instances when the head flew off. It was express that it was be st to cut leaving a little skin remaining so that it did not fly off in the direction of the verifying officials. However, at present it is best to cut clean through. Some samurai chose to perform a considerably more taxing form of seppuku know as jumonji-giri (. cross-shaped cut) in which there is no kaishakunin to put a quick end to the samurais suffering.It involves a second and more painful vertical cut across the belly. A samurai performing jumonji-giri was expected to bear his suffering quietly until perishing from loss of blood, passing away with his hands over his face. While the voluntary seppuku described above is the best known form and has been widely admired and idealized, in practice the most common form of seppuku was obligatory seppuku, used as a form of capital punishment for disgraced samurai, especially for those who committed a serious offense such as unprovoked murder, robbery, corruption, or treason.The samurai were generally told of their offense in full and prone a set time to commit seppuku, usually before sunset on a given day. If the sentenced was uncooperative, it was not unheard of for them to be restrained, or for the actual execution to be carried out by decapitation while retaining only the trappings of seppuku even the short sword laid out in front of the victim could be replaced with a fan. Unlike voluntary seppuku, seppuku carried out as capital punishment did not necessarily absolve the victims family of the crime.Depending on the severity of the crime, half(prenominal) or all of the deceaseds property could be confiscated, and the family stripped of rank. Seppuku as judicial punishment was officially abolished in 1873, shortly after the Meiji Restoration, but voluntary seppuku did not completely die out. Dozens of people are known to have committed seppuku since then, including some military men who committed suicide in 1895 as a protest against the return of a conquered territory to China by General Nogi and his wife on the death of Emperor Meiji in 1912 and by numerous soldiers and civilians who chose to die rather than surrender at the end of World War II.In 1970, famed author Yukio Mishima and one of his followers committed public seppuku at the Japan Self-Defense Forces headquarters after an unsuccessful attempt to incite the armed forces to stage a coup dtat. Mishima committed seppuku in the office of General Kanetoshi Mashita. His second, a 25-year-old styled Masakatsu Morita, tried three times to ritually behead Mishima but failed his head was finally severed by Hiroyasu Koga. Morita then attempted to commit seppuku himself.Although his own cuts were in addition shallow to be fatal, he gave the signal and he too was beheaded by Koga. In 1999, Masaharu Nonaka, a 58-year-old employee of Bridgestone in Japan, slashed his belly with a sashimi knife to protest his forced retirement. He died later in the hospital. This suicide, which became widely known as risutora seppuku, was said to represe nt the difficulties in Japan following the collapse of the let the cat out of the bag economy. Well-known people who committed seppukuDisembowelment in Japanese HistorySeppuku or ritual disembowelment is often considered by those of us in the western sandwich world to be a common form of institutionalized (by ritual) suicide an ancient custom dating back to the age of Samurai under the code of bushido. However, in Japanese culture, it escapes this easy stereotype and is considered something much more complex and meaningful than mere suicide. T. Harada, writes It was not mere suicide. It was an institution, legal and ceremonialby which warriors could expiate their friends or prove their sincerity.From historical evidence as well as by contemposrary Japanese cultural identification with seppuku we can ascertain that it is at least enigmatic whether thinking of seppuku as a variety of suicide is justified (Fairbairn 144). Seppuku, in its original form as practiced by the bushi, invol ved slicing open the abdomen normally with a cross-cut from left to right and then slicing upward to the navel. The method might result in the victim living on for hours before death. For a bushi who was accused of a crime, whether innocent or guilty, seppuku was often the only honorable death.One central reason for the form of seppuku was the fact that the Japanese believed the soul or spirit of a person resided in the abdomen. By cutting open his abdomen the bushi could lay bare his soul and show his firmness to atone for his crime, or demonstrate innocence and earnestness. For a bushi who actually committed crimes seppuku was considered a lenient punishment, which preserved his honor and property. A samurai might commit seppuku after having felt duty- reflect to give his lord sensible but unwelcome advice, as a means of demonstrating his absolute sincerity (Blomberg 75).Disembowelment in Japanese History Page -2- The sensationalistic nature of seppuku as a painful and self-puni shing act, as it is most commonly viewed by Western eyes is founded on a number of divergences in philosophy and spirituality that divide the East and West culturally. Foremost among these divergences is the perception of death. In Western society death is viewed in linear terms, with little or no expectation that the soulwould be reborn into earthly life.Japanese culture regarded death as cyclical and based in reincarnation therefore to die honorably was more important than to live at all costs. The connector with death is another part of the image we have of the samurai. The way of the samurai is found in death. aspects of the samurai connection with death figured prominently in Shogun (Hurst 520). The belief in honor, coupled with the belief in reincarnation and in the cyclical, ever-present force of death, allowed the Japanese to regard seppuku as an act of preservation rather than an act of suicide.To Western eyes, the samurai willingly commits suicide, but to the Samurai, de ath and disembowelment is a much preferable remedy to shame or disgrace than living on past the point of moral or martial defeat. To atone for a crime or to accept righteousness for some error, by seppuku, or to gain glory and honor by the sword in battle these concepts are one and the same to the Eastern mind. The samurai were lettered to slaying others, especially peasants, with calm.Although the bushi alone were entitled to be executed by decapitation with a sword, zanzai, a public execution was regarded as a disgrace (Hurst). Disembowelment in Japanese History Page -3- The convicted criminal was paraded through the streets to the common execution g move, with placards recording his crime carried before him. He had to kneel on the ground in order to be dispatched by the public headsman, and his severed head was then gibbeted for a certain period,with a wooden sign proclaiming his name and the nature of the crime This disgraceful type of public ridicule disgusted the bushi only samurai proper could be sentenced to commit seppuku as punishment for a crime (Hurst 521). So, far from an appalling and self-despising act, seppuku evolved out of a Japanese sense of honor and integrity, which, in its formality and tradition becomes rigidly different from contemporary Western standards for moral, ethical or legal punishment. For the Samurai the punishment lay in living, not dying.Because the seat of the soul was in the abdomen, the naked exposure of one soul also affirm that the act of seppuku was not so much rooted in suicide or self-abnegation, but in revelation and in a (final) demonstration of personal will and moral fortitude. Over the centuries, common citizens sought to copy the ethical system of the lede elite, widening the practice of seppuku far beyond its original elitist conception. In fact, the tradition persisted well into the twentieth century Especially among military men of bushi stock the custom of seppuku lingered on Many of the conspirators b ehind the attempted military coup of 1936 killed themselves in this manner when the coup failed (Blomberg 191). In due time a non-lethal, symbolic variant of seppuku penetrated Japanese culture Imagine that the ritual of seppuku was further bleached so that it involved nothing more than reaching out to a ceremonial dagger after which the seppukus aide whirled a ceremonial sword round his head Disembowelment in Japanese History Page -4- three times, then shook the seppukus hand.In this case, seppuku could not be suicide because the individual engaging in it would be aware that by doing so he could not arrange his death. And yet he would have done seppuku(Fairbairn 145). If there is a widely mum Western parallel to the Japanese practice of seppuku, it may lie in the famous death of Socrates which has been much discussed by historians and philosophers. Socrates death as recorded by Plato noted that he had been accused, among other things, of introducing unusual religious practices an d of corrupting young people. At his trial he defended himself but was found guilty and sentenced to death.In the month leading up to his execution by means of a self administered form of hemlock, Socrates did not accept the possibility for escape arranged by friends because it would have deceased against his sense of duty to avoid the punishment decreed by Athens. Then on the appointed day, he drank the hemlock before the hour stipulated for his death. (Holland, 1969, p. 74) Though Socrates drank the cup of hemlock (and so could technically be said to have died by his own hand) yet even this cannot make a man a suicide, given the fact that his death was not decreed by him . Suicide would have to have been the case that by acting as he did Socrates intended not only to do that which he ought to do or had to do, but that he wanted to be dead and intended to bring about his death (Fairbairn 148). The ritual of seppuku is, then, far from being a desperate act of a suicidal nature, an act of self and soul preservation that, viewed through the prism of Japanese biography and culture, emerges as a strong symbol of national and racial orientation, particularly impacting views of ethics, honor, and personal responsibility.

Individual Research Paper Essay

Each student will prepare a research paper based on an aspect of their base case. This could include research into the company, the industry, the macro-environmental issues facing the company or industry, etc.The case report should be typed in Times New Roman, 12pt font with 1-inch margins. The paper should not exceed 10 pages double spaced (this does not include the care page, table of contents, executive summary, appendices, or bibliography). A shorter paper is acceptable as persistent as the topic is dealt with sufficiently.Please include1) A cover page with the title of the paper, your name, student number, and the course number.2) Include a table of contents3) subroutine headings to address the different parts of the paper a. Introduction Provide an overview of the topic you have chosen. This should include the title of your case and the specific area you want to examine. b. primary(prenominal) findings (you can use other headings as necessary depending on your paper.) c. C onclusion Summarize your main discoveries.4) Include a Reference page that includes all the sources you employ in creating your paper.The paper is worth 15% towards your final grade and will be marked based on the following1) Overall presentation (i.e., the cover page, page numbers, headings, clarity of grammar, references page, etc.) 3 marks.2) Contents (the quality of the research and the discoveries you made about the topic). 10 marks.3) The quality of the sources you used to conduct the research. 2 marks.

Impact of Motivation on employees Essay

Motivation is the word add upd from the word motive which essence trains, hopes, wants or drives in spite of appearance the persons. It is the process of inspiring populate to actions to achieve the goals The sole reason for me in rank to choose this motion is that in todays world doing Business whole over the world is a in truth contend aspect. The capital punishment that is given or delivered by the corporate is highly influenced by the Internal and the outdoor(a) operating environ charm forcetal factors. To survive in the market in a profitable way in the highly challenging and competitive global market economy, all the factors of Employee Retention and Production like machine, materials & men should be managed in an efficient and a productive way. Among the factors of production the human resource constitutes the biggest challenge because unlike the other inputs, employee management is a very complicated process which includes the burdened task concerned with the h andling of thoughts, feelings & emotions to project the highest productiveness.High productiveness is a long-term benefit of Employee motif. Motivated employee is a valuable plus which delivers huge value to the Organization in maintaining and strengthening its business and revenue growth. This highlights as to why employee motivating is nessacary and also the have for learning about the impact that it bears on the employees. The importance with tenderness to motivation was chance on as early as 1943 when Abraham Maslow wrote the theory with regards to human motivation on the basis of need hierarchy. respective(a) theories were formulated since then due to the rising need in understanding employees and how or what be the factors that make them in order to increase their productivity and efficacy. Some of the theories ar stated below-1. Abraham Maslows need hierarchy theory-According to this theory, individual(a) strives to seek a higher need when lower need atomic num ber 18 fulfilled. in one case a lower-level need is fit, it no longer serves as a source of motivation. Needs argon motivators simply when they are unsatisfied. The various levels of need were categorise as psychological needs, safety needs, belonging needs/ kindly needs, self-esteem needs and self-actualisation2. Frederick Herzbergs two-factor theory According to Herzberg, individuals are not content with the expiation oflower-order needs at work rather, individuals look for the gratification of higher-level psychological needs having to do with achievement, recognition, responsibility, advancement, and the nature of the work itself. This appears to collimate Maslows theory of a need hierarchy. However, Herzberg added a new dimension to this theory by proposing a two-factor model of motivation, based on the notion that the presence of one set of job characteristics or incentives leads to proletarian satisfaction at work, while another and separate set of job characteristics leads to dissatisfaction at work. Thus, satisfaction and dissatisfaction are not on a continuum with one increasing as the other diminishes, exclusively are separate phenomena.3. Adams Equity Theory Developed by John Stacey Adams in 1963, Equity Theory suggests that if the individual perceives that the rewards certain are equitable, that is, fair or just in comparison with those received by others in resembling positions in or outside the organization, then the individual feels satisfied. Adams asserted that employees seek to maintain equity mingled with the inputs that they bring to a job and the out keep abreasts that they receive from it against the perceived inputs and outcomes of others.Some of the other theories are theory X and Y by Douglas McGregor, ERG Theory by Clayton Alderfer, Goal-Setting Theory by Edwin Locke, expectancy theory, etc Some of techniques that ass be adopted in a work place in order to motivate employees are-1. survive and care about the concerns o f your employees2. Develop and communicate a compelling organizational vision.3. Address ineffective teamwork4. Be a role model for your organization5. Communicate with everyone respectfully6. Provide employees with the opportunity to be creative.7. endue in developing employees8. Regularly recognize and reward effort and results9. Ensure compensation and other rewards and benefits are fair10. Ensure that the right person is doing the right task and fully understands their role11. Help your employees queuework/life balanceThe performance of employees go away make or break a fellowship this is why it is important to find a variety of methods of motivating employees. Motivation is the willingness to do roundthing, wrote Stephen Robbins and David A. DeCenzo in their leger Supervision Today. It is conditioned by this actions ability to satisfy some need for the individual. The some obvious form of motivation for an employee is specie however, t here(predicate) are other motivatin g factors that must be considered. Every employee within a company is divers(prenominal) and, therefore, is motivated to perform well for varied reasons. out-of-pocket to the differences within an organization, it is important for a manager to attempt to know her employees and understand what motivates their performance.If youre going to be successful in motivating people, you have to begin by accepting and trying to understand individual differences, Robbins and DeCenzo report in their book Supervision Today. Money is the most important motivator for employee performance but it is important for companies to find other ways to motivate. This involves putting to know their employees and what drives them, then making sure managers lend oneself appropriate motivational techniques with each employee. When appropriate motivation techniques are used, employee performance will improve.By this condemnation we understood the various theories of motivation and the way in which employee s can be motivated now lets come to the part where we learn about why it is important to motivate an employee, what kind of changes that it brings about or results in an brass. The various changes that are bought about (i.e. impact) or seen in an individual/employee due to motivation and the benefits that the organisation derive out of such motivation are mentioned below-1. Puts human resources into action -Every organisation has its hold goals and objectives and in order for any organisation to be successful it needs to achive the goals and the objectives and the main means towards achieving these goals and objectives are financial and human resources there by in order for a company to be successful it needs to boost the so called human resource to produce efficiently and this efficiency is achieved through the means of motivation2. Improves level of efficiency of employeesThe level of a subordinate or a employee does not just depend upon his qualifications and abilities. For e nchantting best of his work performance, the gap between ability and willingness has to be filled which helps in improving the level of performance of subordinates. The employees in the organisation when they are less motivated and they feel naked and dull at this particular point of time they are at the least level of productivity this is caused due to lack of excitement and satisfaction or even repeated jobs thus in order to avoid all these and in order to build on to the efficiency of the employees many motivational techniques can be used this will lead to a great level of improvement in the performance of the employees, reduces the cost of operation and improves overall efficiency and productivity of the firm.3. Leads to achievement of organizational goalsGoals of an organisation are the drivers with regard to success of an organisation and it has a direct impact on the performance of the organisation and also the employees working within. When employees are demotivated they will not care about the organisation and they will run low having a minus impact toward the organisation thereby when they are motivated by various incentives and other such techniques and do to understand the goals they tend to work toward the development, i.e. they work toward goal development rather than going haywire. Goals can provided be achieved only when coordination and cooperation takes place simultaneously occurs and this can be achieved with the help of motivation4. Leads to employee satisfactionThe satisfaction of the employee is nothing but how happy an individual is in working within an organisation without feeling the need to quit or discontinue. Only when the employees are satisfied will they be able to work right and in turn be able to satisfy the end customer. In case the employee is not satisfied this will lead to a huge downturn in the organisation as it will start losing its customer base and clients start shifting to a to a greater extent friendly and coo perative organisation. Thus some ofmotivational techniques lead to satisfaction of employees which in turn leads to customer satisfaction.5. Builds friendly relationshipThe employees when they are reinforced with some kind of reward system there tends to be a friendlier atmosphere all around which leads to better co-operation between the employees which leads to steady and stable environment, all the industrial disputes will come to a rest, employees will no more than show any resistance toward change all this directly leads to a smooth and sound concern where the individual interests will coincide with the interests of the organisation6. Builds stability in the menThe employees will gain more benefits if they are working for longer periods of time they get bonuses they get more incentives this will help in building a stable workforce where the rate of turnover of the organisation will reduce which in turn will reduce the training cost and recruitment cost of fresh employees. The skills efficiency and the experience of the employees will be a great advantage to the organisation which will lead to a great public image and building the brand reputation of the organisation.7. Leads to an optimistic and challenging work placeIn an organisation the employees are motivated to think creatively only when they get something in return and when any such kind of reward is kept then the people in the organisation will start thinking creatively and will start taking interest in the work that they do they will start competing against each other which will help the organisation to get more number of creative ideas which ultimately lead to profit making by the firm,8. Boosts employee confidenceWhen the people who work in the organisation are given a reward in terms of money or in terms of appreciation or any other kind they will get a confidence boost and they will think of it as the right path and it kind of becomes a positive reinforcement to them in order for them to work in a better manner and more efficiently9. Employees tend to go the bare mileWhenever people know that there is something waiting for them at the end of the day they will tend to work hard and they will want to go that extra distance and put in that extra effort in order to achieve the reward. These rewards are different for different kinds of people it cannot be generalised it is the duty of the manager to make sure the rewards are charitable and also interesting in order to extract more work out of the employees. The more the desire to have the reward the more harder the person will work on order to attain the same.10. little number of mistakes caused by employeesWhen there is some kind of a punishment that is kept for people who make mistakes and have lower productivity like cutting of salary, delay of promotions, taking away the perk and benefits given to them will all help in motivating a person in order to work more efficiently and also effectively without any mistakes and causing losses to the organisation11. Increases the contribution/productivityThe main outcome of any kind of motivation ultimately leads to this. The productivity of the employees and motivation are having a direct relationship and go hand in hand. When the employee is motivated using various kinds of techniques the outcome or the impact that such motivation holds is increase in the productivity or the contribution that is given by an employee.RESEARCH DATAUniversity of Colorado boulder scout to motivating employees In 2006, and again in 2012, classified and exempt professional staff on the Boulder campus participated in an Employee Engagement Survey. Through this process, the campus has been able to commit what it is doing well and where it can improve. Results and key trends from the surveys are highlighted below. In 2012, 90% of employees saw their job as brisk to the overall purpose of the University, an increase from 88% in 2006. In 2006, 80% of employees were willing to go higher up and beyond their normal work duties. In 2012, this number increased to nearly 89%. From 2006 to 2012, the percentage of employees who intend they are utilizing their talents increased by 9% (75%overall). Currently, 72% of employees would recommend a friend to work here (an increase from 60% in 2006).In todays world motivation has gained a caboodle of importance in all fields and across organisations. Organisations cannot achieve their goals or attain maximum efficiency without the motivational aspect. By looking at the impact that motivation has caused on the employees as well as the organisation every organisation should understand its importance of motivation and start implying and do more of look into in order to keep employees motivated, keep up with the pace of the world and in turn make all the benefits that are associated with it. My learnings with regards to this topic is knowing what motivation is, what are the theories behind motivation, the different techn iques of motivation and finally the importance of motivation where both the employee and the employer are benefited by the application of this powerful tool.REFERENCES1. Patel sandeep g. (n.d).information of employee motivation and research methodology. Retrieved from http//www.slideshare.net/ravi2907/employee-motivation-17006508 2. Silverstien Barry. (2007). BEST PRACTICES MOTIVATING EMPLOYEES. New York, U.S.A hydra publishing. 3. (n.d). Guide to motivating employees. Retrieved from http//hr.colorado.edu/search/Results.aspx?k=guide%20to%20motivating%20employees